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Anatomy Lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium found? | In the lining of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi |
| Where is simple columnar epithelium? | Found in the lining of ducts of kidneys and lines intestine |
| What are the four layers of the duodenum histology? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa |
| Where is the thyroid gland found? | In the front of the trachea in the neck |
| What does the thyroid gland produce? | Hormones T3, T4 and calcitonin |
| Where are T3 and T4 produced? | In thyroid follicles |
| Where is calcitonin produced? | The C cells |
| What type of epithelial cells are hormone producing cells? | Cuboidal |
| What is the function of calcitonin | Regulates blood calcium levels and is released in response to raised blood calcium levels |
| What influences the release of T3 and T4? | TSH |
| What type of epithelial cells is the mucosa of the lower oesophagus comprised of? | Non-keratinised squamous epithelium |
| What are plicae? | Transverse folds of the intestina lining |
| What are villi? | Fingerlike projections of the mucosa |
| What lines the intestinal glands in the duodenum? | Enteroendocrine, goblet and stem cells |
| How many lobules is the liver composed of? | 100,000 |
| What is a lobule? | A functional unit of the the liver |
| What are lobules separated by? | Interlobular septum which is a type of connective tissue |
| What direction does bile flow in the liver? | From the central vein to the portal vein |
| What direction does blood flow in the liver? | From the portal vein to the central vein |
| What happens at the P wave of an ECG? | Atrial depolarisation |
| What happens at the QRS complex? | Ventricular depolarisation |
| What happens at the T wave? | Ventricular repolarisation |
| What happens at the PQ wave? | AV node delay |
| How long does AV node delay last? | 0.15 seconds |
| What happens at the QT segment? | Ventricular systole |
| How long does ventricular systole last? | 0.35 seconds |
| What happens at the TQ segment? | Ventricular diastole |
| How long ventricular diastole last? | 0.55 seconds |
| What is the RR interval? | The heart rate |
| How long does the RR interval last? | 0.90 seconds |
| What is the equation for blood pressure? | Blood pressure=cardiac output x total peripheral resistance |
| If the ratio of FEV1 to FVC is less than 70%, what does that mean? | COPD |
| What does abnormal FEV1 or FVC individually mean? | Restrictive lung disease |
| What are the four processes that occur in the nephron? | Filtration, reabsorption, secretion and elimination |
| What does 1.000 SG indicate? | Kidney or liver damage |
| What does 1.030 SG indicate? | Kidney damage or dehydration |
| What does acidic pH (>4) of urine indicate? | Dehydration |
| What does alkaline pH (8.0) of urine indicate? | Bacterial infection |
| What do large amount of glucose in the urine indicate? | Diabetes |
| What do large amounts of ketones in the urine indicate? | Diabetes |
| What does protein in the urine indicate? | Kidney damage |
| What does blood/haemoglobin in the urine indicate? | UTI or menstrual cycle |
| What does white blood cells in the urine indicate? | UTI |
| What do nitrates in the urine indicate? | UTI |
| How does the renal/urinary system regulate blood volume? | By altering fluid volume via the renin angiotensin aldosterone system |
| What is EPO? | Erythropoietin |
| What does EPO do? | Stimulates the production of RBCs |
| How does the renal system maintain acid/base balance of the blood? | By conserving/eliminating H+/HCO-3 |
| What are the functions of the renal and urinary system | Regulates blood volume, secretes EPO, regulates ion concentration, converts vit D to calcitriol, maintains acid/base balance of blood and conserves nutrients such as glucose |
| Why does the renal system convert vit D to calcitriol? | To increase calcium uptake in the GIT |
| What are the two factors that affect blood pressure? | Cardiac output changes or peripheral resistance changes |
| Where is the caecum in the digestive tract? | Part of colon or large intestine |
| Name two muscle layers which are found in the gut wall | Muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa |
| What two structures are present to increase the surface area of the duodenum? | Villi and plicae |
| What glands are present in the submucosa of the duodenum? | Brunner's glands |
| Name the vascular channels that are seen in the liver lobule | Sinusoids |
| What stain was used for the histology of the oesophagus? | Mallory's Trichrome |
| Is the process of thyroid hormone release a neural or humoral control? | Neural |
| What cell produces insulin in the pancreas? | Beta cells |
| Where are beta cells found? | Islets of Langerhans |
| What are the types of epithelial cells in body tissues? | Cuboidal, squamous and columnar |
| Where is the thyroid gland found? | Anterior to the trachea |
Created by:
tarajdaly16
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