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Cells and Transport

TermDefinition
Light Microscope Cheap method of seeing cells using a beam of light. Only low magnification is possible, but living cells can be seen.
Electron Microscope Expensive method of 'seeing' cells using a beam of electrons. High magnification is possible, but living cells cannot be seen.
Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. 3. All cells come from pre-exisiting cells.
Prokaryotes Cells without a nucleus or internal membranes. Bacteria are examples. Only unicellular.
Eukaryotes Cells with a nucleus and internal membranes/organelles. Everything but bacteria are examples. Can be multicellular or unicellular.
Organelle A structure within a cell which does a function.
Plasma membrane Made of phospholipids, it maintains the homeostasis of the cell by determining what can enter/leave the cell.
Selectively Permeable The plasma membrane only allows certain substances in/out of the cell.
Hydrophobic Water-hating. The fatty acids of a phospholipid are this.
Hydrophilic Water-loving. The polar head of a phospholipid is this.
Fluid Mosaic Model This states that the membrane is a flexible, movable pattern of proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.
Transport Proteins Proteins that pass through both layers of the membrane and allow certain things in/out.
Cell Wall Rigid structure which provides support and protection to most bacteria, fungi and plants. (Not in animal cells).
Nucleus Stores the cell's DNA
Chromatin Strands of DNA
Nucleolus Ball of chromatin which makes ribosomes
Ribosomes Structures which make proteins
Nuclear Envelope Membrane which encircles the nucleus
Cytoplasm Thick liquid which fills the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranes which contains ribosomes. It makes proteins.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranes which makes/stores lipids.
Golgi Apparatus Flattened membranes which modify, sort, and transport proteins made in the ER.
Vacuoles Membrane sacs which store materials for the cells. Plants have one large one, animals cells have many smaller ones.
Lysosome Membrane sac which contains digestive enzymes to breakdown damaged organelles, food, and microbes.
Chloroplasts Chlorophyll containing structure which performs photosynthesis. Found in plants and algae. (Not in animal cells)
Mitochondria Structures which perform cellular respiration. They break down sugar to release energy for the cell.
Cytoskeleton A support structure within the cytoplasm made of microtubules and microfilaments.
Centrioles Structures which help organize the cytoskeleton and are involved in moving chromosomes. (Not in plant cells).
Cilia Short, hairlike projections used in locomotion.
Flagella Long, whiplike projections used in locomotion.
Osmosis The diffusion of water across a membrane.
Diffusion The movement of molecules from high to low concentrations. (The spreading out of molecules).
Isotonic Solution There is as much water/dissolved substances within and outside the cell. There is no net change in the amount of water within the cell.
Hypertonic Solution There is more water within the cell than outside of it (there is also more dissolved substances outside the cell than inside). Water leaves the cell, which shrivels.
Hypotonic Solution There is less water within the cell than outside of it (there is also less dissolved substances outside the cell than inside). Water enters the cell, which swells.
Passive Transport Molecules diffuse in/out of the cell. No energy is required.
Facilitated Transport Transport proteins help molecules diffuse in/out of the cell. No energy is required.
Active Transport Molecules are pumped in/out of the cell against diffusion by Carrier Proteins. Energy is required.
Endocytosis Large materials are taken into the cell and placed in a membrane sac.
Exocytosis Large materials are released from the cell.
Structures found in all cells The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA.
Created by: Mwaites
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