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Bio205 Exam2
Bio205 Exam 2 Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychrophiles | A cold loving microbe. Microbe that grows best at about 15C and does not grow about 20C |
| Mesophiles | A moderate temperature loving microbe. Microbe that grows between about 10C and 50C |
| Thermophiles | A heat loving microbe. optimum growth temperature is between 50C and 60C |
| Minimum growth temperature | The lowest temperature at which a species will grow |
| Optimum growth temperature | The temperature at which a species will grow best |
| Maximum growth temperature | The temperature at which a species can grow |
| Hyperthermophiles | Microbe whose optimum growth temp.is at least 80C. Extreme thermophile |
| Acidophiles | A bacterium that grows below pH 4 |
| Plasmolysis | Loss of water from a cell in a hypertonic environment |
| Extremeophiles | Microbe that lives in extremes of temperature, acidity, alkalinity, salinity, or pressure |
| Obligate halophiles | Organism that requires high osmotic pressures such as high concentrations of NaCl |
| Faculative halophiles | An organism capable of growth in, but not requiring 1-2% salt |
| Halophiles | An organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth |
| Nitrogen fixation | The conversion of nitrogen into ammonia |
| Trace elements | A chemical element required in small amounts for growth |
| Obligate aerobes | An organism that requires molecular oxygen to live |
| Faculative anaerobes | An organism that can live with or without molecular oxygen |
| Singlet Oxygen | Highly reactive molecular oxygen |
| Superoxide radicals | A toxic anion (O2-) with an unpaired electron |
| Superoxide dismutase | An enzyme that destroys superoxide |
| Peroxide Anion | An oxygen anion consisting of two atoms of oxygen |
| Catalase | An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide |
| Peroxidase | An enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide |
| Ozone | O3 |
| Hydroxyl radical | A toxic form of oxygen made in cytoplasm by ionizing radiation and aerobic respiration |
| Aerotolerant anaerobes | Organism that does not use molecular oxygen but is not affected by it’s presence |
| Microaerophiles | Organism that grows best in environments with less oxygen than is normally found in air |
| Organic growth factors | An essential organic growth compound that an organism is unable to synthesize |
| Biofilms | A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface |
| Culture Medium | The nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganism in a laboratory |
| Culture | Microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium |
| Inoculum | A culture medium in which microorganisms are implanted |
| Binary fission | Prokayrotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells |
| Budding | Asexual;starts as a protrudence from the parent cell that grows to become a daughter cell |
| Bacterial growth curve | A graph indicating the growth of a bacterial population over time |
| Agar | A complex polysaccaride derived from a marine alga and used as a solidifying agent in media |
| Chemically defined medium | A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is known |
| Complex media | A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is not known |
| Capnophiles | A microorganism that grows best a relatively high CO2 concentrations |
| Colony | A visible mass of microbial cells arising from one cell or from a group of the same microbes |
| Differential media | A solid medium that makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism |
| Deep-freezing | Preservation of bacterial cultures at –50C to –90C |
| Death phase | The period of logarthmic decrease in a bacterial population |
| Enrichment culture | A culture medium used for preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular microorganism |
| Filtration | The passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material; a 0.45-μm filter removes most bacteria. |
| Generation time | The time required for a cell or population to double in number. |
| Lypholization | Freezing a substance and sublimating the ice in a vacuum; also called freeze-drying. |
| Lag phase | The time interval in a bacterial growth curve during which there is no growth. |
| Log phase/ Exponential Growth | The period of bacterial growth or logarithmic increase in cell numbers; also called exponential growth phase. |
| Nutrient broth | A complex medium made of beef extract and peptone. |
| Nutrient agar | Nutrient broth containing agar. |
| Plate count | A method of determining the number of bacteria in a sample by counting the number of colony-forming units on a solid culture medium. |
| Pour plate method | A method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacteria in the melted medium and pouring the medium into a Petri dish to solidify. |
| Reducing media | A culture medium containing ingredients that will remove dissolved oxygen from the medium to allow the growth of anaerobes. |
| Sterile | Free of microorganisms |
| Selective media | A culture medium designed to suppress the growth of unwanted microorganisms and encourage the growth of desired ones. |
| Streak plate method | A method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium. |
| Stationary phase | The period in a bacterial growth curve when the number of cells dividing equals the number dying. |
| Serial dilution | The process of diluting a sample several times. |
| Spread plate method | A plate count method in which inoculum is spread over the surface of a solid culture medium. |
| Antisepsis | A chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; the chemical is called an antiseptic. |
| Asepsis | The absence of contamination by unwanted organisms. |
| Autoclave | Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121°C. |
| Biocide | A substance capable of killing microorganisms. |
| Bacteriostasis | A treatment capable of inhibiting bacterial growth. |
| Commercial steralization | A process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the endospores of Clostridium botulinum. |
| Direct microscopic count | Enumeration of cells by observation through a microscope. |
| Disinfection | Any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant. |
| Degerming | The removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermation. |
| Decimal reduction time | The time (in minutes) required to kill 90% of a bacterial population at a given temperature; also called D value. |
| Desiccation | The removal of water |
| Equivalent treatments | Different methods that have the same effect on controlling microbial growth. |
| Flaming | The process of sterilizing an inoculating loop by holding it in an open flame. |
| High temperature short time pasturization | Pasteurizing at 72°C for 15 seconds. |
| HEPA filters | A screenlike material that removes particles larger than 0.3 μm from air. |
| Hot-air steralization | Sterilization by the use of an oven at 170°C for approximately 2 hours. |
| Ionizing radiation | High-energy radiation with a wavelength less than 1nm; causes ionization. X rays and gamma rays are examples. |
| Most probable number method | A statistical determination of the number of coliforms per 100 ml of water or 100 g of food. |
| Membrane filters | A screenlike material with pores small enough to retain microorganisms; a 0.45-μm filter retains most bacteria. |
| Pasturization | The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens. |
| Sterilization | The removal of all microorganisms, including endospores. |
| Sanitation | The removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas. |
| Sepsis | The presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue. |
| Turbidity | The cloudiness of a suspension. |
| Thermal death point | The temperature required to kill all the bacteria in a liquid culture in 10 minutes. |
| Thermal death time | The length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature. |
| Thermoduric | Heat resistant |
| Ultra-high temperature | A method of treating food with high temperatures (140–150°C) for very short times to make the food sterile so that it can be stored at room temperature. |
| Alcohol | An organic molecule with the functional group—OH. |
| Antimicrobial peptide | An antibiotic that is bactericidal and has a broad spectrum of activity; see bacteriocin. |
| Antibiotic | An antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus. |
| Broadspectrum antibiotic | An antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. |
| Bacteriacide | A substance capable of killing bacteria. |
| Chemotherapy | Treatment of disease with chemical substances. |
| Disk-diffusion method | An agar-diffusion test to determine microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents; also called Kirby-Bauer test. |
| Halogens | One of the following elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine. |
| Microwaves | Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between 10^-1 and 10^-3 m. |
| Nonionizing radiation | Short-wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization; ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an example. |
| Nitrosamine | A carcinogen formed by the combination of nitrite and amino acids. |
| Obligodynamic activity | The ability of small amounts of a heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity. |
| Phenol | Also called carbolic acid. |
| Phenolic | A synthetic derivative of phenol used as a disinfectant. |
| Plasma | (1) The liquid portion of blood in which the formed elements are suspended. (2) Excited gases used for sterilizing. |
| Peroxidase | An enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide: H_2O_2 + 2 H^+ → 2 H_2O |
| Peroxygen | A class of oxidizing-type sterilizing disinfectants. |
| Penicillans | A group of antibiotics produced either by Penicillium (natural penicillins) or by adding side chains to the β-lactam ring (semisynthetic penicillins). |
| quartemary ammonium compond (quat) | A cationic detergent with four organic groups attached to a central nitrogen atom; used as a disinfectant. |
| Surface active agent | Any compound that decreases the tension between molecules lying on the surface of a liquid; also called surfactant. |
| Selective toxicity | The property of some antimicrobial agents to be toxic for a microorganism and nontoxic for the host. |
| Superinfection | The growth of a pathogen that has developed resistance to an antimicrobial drug being used; the growth of an opportunistic pathogen. |
| Tincture | A solution in aqueous alcohol. |
| Use-dilution test | A method of determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant using serial dilutions. |
| Aminoglycosides | An antibiotic consisting of amino sugars and an aminocyclitol ring; for example, streptomycin. |
| Allylamines | Antifungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis. |
| Azole | Antifungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis. |
| Antibiogram | Report of antibiotic susceptibility of a bacterium. |
| Antisence (strand) | Viral RNA that cannot act as mRNA. |
| Broth dilution test | A method of determining the minimal inhibitory concentration by using serial dilutions of an antimicrobial drug. |
| Carbapenems | Antibiotics that contain a β-lactam antibiotic and cilastatin. |
| Ethambutol | A synthetic antimicrobial agent that interferes with the synthesis of RNA. |
| E test | An agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic sensitivity using a plastic strip impregnated with varying concentrations of an antibiotic. |
| Integrase | An enzyme produced by HIV that allows the integration of HIV DNA into the host cell's DNA. |
| Macrolide | An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis; for example, erythromycin. |
| Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) | The lowest concentration of a chemotherapeutic agent that will prevent growth of the test microorganisms. |
| Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) | The lowest concentration of chemotherapeutic agent that will kill test microorganisms. |
| Ketolide | Semi-synthetic macrolide antibodies, effective against macrolide resistant bacteria |
| Protease | An enzyme that digests proteins |
| RNAi (interference | Stops gene expression at transcription by using a short interfereing RNA to make double stranded RNA |
| Synergism | The principal whereby the effectiveness of two drugs used simultaniously is more effective than either drug used alone |
| siRNA (small interfering) | An intermediate in the iRNA process in which the long double stranded RNA has been cut up into short (21 nucleotides) double-stranded RNA |
| Vancomycin | An antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis |
| Zone of inhibition | The area of no bacterial growth around an antibacterial agent in the disk-diffusion method |
| Colony forming units (CFU) | Visible bacterial colonies on solid media (plate count report) |
| Sterilant | What a steralizing agent is called |
| Biphenols | A derivitive of phenol that contain two phenolic groups connected by a bridge (bi) |
| Iodophor | A complex of iodione and a detergent |
| Aldehydes | One of the most effective microbials. Fermaldehyde is an example |
| PABA | substrate of an enzyme reaction leading to the production of folic acid |
| Natural penicillins | Penicillin extracted from the mold cultures of Penicillium |
| Monobactam | An antibiotic that has only a single ring in the structure |
| Cephalosporins | Similar antibiotic to penicillin |
| Bacitracin | Polypeptide antibiotic effective mainly against gram-positive bacteria like streptococci and staphococci |
| Isoniazid | A very effective synthetic antimicrobial drug against tuburculosis |
| Tetracyclines | Closely related broad-spectrum antibiotics |
| Sulfonamides | Amoung the first antimicrobial drugs used to treat microbial diseases |
| Imiquimod | A drug used to treat genital warts |
| Antiretroviral | A drug used to treat HIV infections |
| Botulism | A form of food posioning caused by clostridium botulinum an obligately anaerobic, endospore forming, gram positive rod, found in soil and aquatic sediments. |
| Infant botulism | Most cases are associated with honey |
| Wound botulism | Botulum pathogen that grows in wounds |
| Mycobacterium leprae/ Hansen's disease | The only bacterium that grows in the PNS. Acid fast rod closely related to tuburculosis |
| Ischemia | Localized decreased blood flow |
| Necrosis | Tissue death |
| Gangrene | The death of soft tissue resulting from the loss of blood supply |
| Hyperbaric chamber | An apperatus to hold materials at greater than 1 atmosphere |
| Tetanus | Obligately anaerobic endospore forming gram positive rod. Common in areas where there is animal feces. Extremely potent neurotoxin is released upon the death and lysis of the bacteria. |
Created by:
rewasson
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