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Chapter 16
Need to Know
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How long is DNA? where is it coiled? | DNA is 6 ft long and is coiled around histones. |
| Antiparallel refers to what of DNA? | DNA's backbones |
| How was the role of DNA in heredity first discovered? | It was first discovered by studying bacteria and the viruses that affect them. |
| Viral DNA can program cells. True or False? | True |
| What is DNA a polymer of? | nucleotides |
| What are the components of a nucleotide? | Nitrogenous Base, Sugar, and Phosphate Group |
| The relationship between *** and *** is the manifest in the double helix. | Structure and Function |
| What does the specificity of base pairing suggest? | A copying mechanism for genetic material. |
| What type of bond is found between pyrimidines and purines? | hydrogen bond |
| Since 2 Strands of DNA are complementary, each acts as a template for new strands. True or False? | True |
| What happens to the parent strand of DNA in DNA replication? | The parent strands unwind and 2 daughter strands are built based on base pairing rules. |
| Where does the old strand come from, in reference to semiconservative model? | It comes from the parent |
| Explain Meselson and Stahl's Experiment | They labeled nucleotides of old strands with a heavy isotope of nitrogen, & new nucleotides were labeled w/ lighter isotopes. product was light and hybrid DNA, so the theories of conservation and dispersive was debunked. Supported semiconservative. |
| DNA copies very slowly, with frequent errors. True or False? | False. DNA copies very quickly and accurately. |
| How many different enzymes and proteins participate in DNA replication? | over a dozen |
| A eukaryotic organism can have only 1 origin of replication. T or F? | False. euk. organisms can have 100s or 100s of origins of replication. |
| What direction does replication proceed in? When does it stop? | Replication proceeds in both directions until the entire molecule is copied. |
| How long is rna primer? | Very short usually 5-10 nucleotides. |
| What role does the 3' end serve? | It is the starting point for a new DNA strand. |
| What do DNA polymerases usually require? | Most require a primer and a DNA template strand. |
| What is the rate of elongation in bacteria? | 500 nucleotides per second |
| What is the rate of bacteria in humans? | 50 nucleotides per second |
| What is the name for each nucleotide added? | Nucleoside triphosphate |
| ATP is to ribose as dATP is to ***? | deoxyribose |
| When each monomer of dATP joins the DNA strand, how many phosphate groups does it lose? | 2 phosphate molecules |
| In what direction can a DNA strand elongate? | 5'-3' direction |
| What do proteins in DNA replication form? | DNA replication machine |
| What do DNA polymerases do t incorrect nucleotides in DNA? | They proofread and replace them. |
| Exposure to harmful chemicals or physical agents can damage DNA. T or F? | True |
| What cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA? (nucleotide excision repair) | Nuclease |
| The error rate of proofreading and repair of DNA is 0%. T or F? | False, it is low, but not 0. |
| What can happen to some sequence changes? | They can become permanent and can be passed on to the next generation. |
| How are mutations related to natural selection? | They are the source of genetic variation |
| Since repair machinery cannot complete 5' ends, what happens? Do prokaryotes have this problem? WHY? | Repeated rounds produce shorter DNA molecules with uneven ends. Prokaryotes do not have this problem because they have circular chromosomes. |
| Can telomeres prevent the shortening of DNA molecules? | NO |
| What do telomeres postpone? | They postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules. |
| What is shortening of telomeres connected to? | Aging and also may protect cells from cancerous growth by limiting cell division. |
| What does a chromosome consist of ? | A DNA molecule packed together with other proteins |
| Eukaryotic chromosome is to linear DNA as Bacterium chromosome is to ***? | circular DNA |
| Bacterium is to nucleoid as eukaryotic is to ***? | chromatin |
| How do chromosomes fit in the nucleus? | Through a multilevel system of packing |
| In what stage of the cell cycle does chromatin undergo changes? | Interphase. |
| Euchromatin is to loosely packed as heterochromatin is to ***? | highly condensed. |
| How does dense packing affect cell expression of genetic info? | It makes it difficult |
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akierah.w
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