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Energy in a Cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| activation energy | the energy “push” to start the chemical reaction |
| active site | a “pocket” for the enzyme. fit (most of the time) perfectly with the substrate as a lock and key. |
| adenosine diphosphate | Made up of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups, has one less phosphate than ATP, a high energy bond between the second and third is broken when turned into ADP |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Primary energy carrier, made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, has more energy than ADP |
| allosteric regulation | any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site |
| catalyst | molecules that speed up the rate of reaction without them being used up or permanently altered |
| chemical reaction | a process that can create or destroy chemical bonds that hold atoms together |
| coenzyme | non protein molecules that help enzymes function properly. water-soluble vitamins are used to help the body make coenzymes |
| competitive inhibition | when a poison or drug enters the enzyme and blocks the substrate from being able to be broken apart |
| coupled reaction | a reaction that involves an endergonic reaction receiving its energy from the exergonic reaction |
| electron carrier | molecules that hold electrons that have energy in them and transport them to other places |
| endergonic | a reaction that requires a net input of energy, if the products contain more energy than the reactants |
| energy | the capacity an organism has to do work (a force acting upon an object that causes the object to move) |
| energy-carrier molecule | provides the muscle with energy to contract. they pick up an energy charge at an exergonic reaction, move within the cell, and release the energy to drive an endergonic reaction |
| entropy | a tendency a molecule has towards loss of complexity, orderliness and useful energy. |
| enzyme | biological catalysts, composed of proteins and synthesized by living organisms. catalyze reactions. very specific to the substrate. |
| exergonic | Accompanied by the release of energy |
| feedback inhibition | When the end product of a reaction interferes with the enzyme that helped produce it |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy can neither be created or destroyed by ordinary processes |
| kinetic energy | energy of movement including light, heat, and energy |
| laws of thermodynamics | describe the quantity and quality of energy |
| metabolic pathway | chemical reactions linked in sequences |
| metabolism | chemical reactions that take place in organisms required to maintain life. |
| potential energy | Energy that is stored or conserved in a substance is converted to kinetic energy |
| product | A substance created as a result of a chemical reaction |
| reactant | A substance altered during a chemical reaction |
| second law of thermodynamics | when energy is converted from one form or another , the amount of useful energy decreases |
| substrate | the substance an enzyme works on the atoms or molecules that are the reactants for an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction |
| C3 cycle | the process by which carbon dioxide molecules are captured from the air to make glucose |
| C4 cycle | two stage carbon fixation pathway plant use to live in hot conditions |
| Calvin Benson cycle | alternative name for the C3 cycle, named after its discoverers |
| carbon fixation | plants capture carbon dioxide and fix its carbon atoms into a larger organic molecule |
| carotenoids | accessory pigments found in all chloroplasts that absorb blue and green light and reflect orange and yellow light |
| chemiosmosis | energy used ti to create the H+ ion gradient that's then harnessed to drive the synthesis of ATP |
| chlorophyll | the key light capturing pigment molecule in chloroplasts. absorbs violet blue and red light but reflects green |
| electron transport chain (ETC) | a series of electron carrier molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane. it is adjacent to reaction center chlorophyll |
| light-dependent reactions | chlorophyll and other molecules embedded in the membranes of the thylakoid capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy |
| light-independent reactions | enzymes in the stomata use chemical energy to drive the synthesis |
| photon | packets of energy that light and other types of radiation are composed of |
| photorespiration | a process where oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is generated. However, it doesn’t generate any useful energy. also prevents light independent reactions from synthesizing glucose. |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants convert the energy of sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, into chemical energy that gets stored in the bonds of glucose and releases oxygen |
| photosystems | highly organized clusters of proteins, chlorophyll, and other accessory pigment molecules like carotenoids contained in the thylakoid membranes |
| reaction center | small region of the photosystem where pigments absorb light and pass its energy to a pair of specialized chlorophyll molecules. |
| stomata | openings in the epidermis of a leaf that open and close to let certain materials in and out |
| stroma | semifluid inside the chloroplast that holds thylakoids, light independent reactions take place here |
| thylakoid | disk shaped interconnected membranous sacs. chemical reactions of photosynthesis that depend on light occur within thylakoid membranes |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | energy released in cells during the breakdown of glucose |
| cellular respiration | the series of reactions that occur during aerobic conditions and produce a large quantity of ATP while breaking down the pyruvate generated by glycolysis and into carbon dioxide and water |
| chemiosmosis | the process by which a gradient of hydrogen ions (H+) is produced and then allowed to run down, capturing energy in the bonds of ATP molecules |
| electron transport chain | a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from their electron donors to electron acceptors |
| fermentation | the process when pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol |
| glycolysis | when glucose is broken down into pyruvate, capturing energy in two molecules of ATP Greek, “to break apart a sweet” |
| intermembrane space | the space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane |
| Krebs cycle | also called the “citric acid cycle” because citrate (the ionized form of citric acid) is the first molecule produced in the cycle a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, |
| matrix | tissue in animal or plant cells where more specialized structures are connected firmly |
| Krebs cycle (Continued) | ... from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
Created by:
Brad Grundfast
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