Question 1

What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?

Accepted Answer

1. all living things are made of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. 
3. all cells come from other cells

Question 2

Exception to cell theory: 
Viruses

Accepted Answer

WHY? 
--They are NOT cells.
--They do contain genetic materials that can reproduce/duplicate in cells.

Question 3

Exception to cell theory: 
The First Cell

Accepted Answer

Did not come from OTHER CELLS

Question 4

Levels of Organization in Living Things

Accepted Answer

Level: Example
Organelle: nucleus
Cell: lung cell
Tissue: lung tissue
Organ: lung
Organ System: Respiratory System

Question 5

The 4 structures that ALL cells must have!

Accepted Answer

1. ribosomes
2. cytoplasm
3. cell membrane
4. genetic material

Question 6

Prokaryotic Cells

Accepted Answer

NO NUCLEUS  (PRO=NO)

Question 7

Eukaryotic Cells

Accepted Answer

DO HAVE A NUCLEUS (“U”=DO)

Question 8

What do ONLY plant cells have? (that animal cells do not)

Accepted Answer

1. Chloroplast 
2. Cell Wall
3. Large/central vacuole

Question 9

What do ONLY animal cells have? (that plant cells do not)

Accepted Answer

1. Lysosomes
2. centrioles

Question 10

Nucleus

Accepted Answer

--most easy to see in a eukaryotic cell
--controls cell activities
--contains DNA

Question 11

Nucleolus

Accepted Answer

--inside of the nucleus
--makes ribosomes

Question 12

Cytoplasm

Accepted Answer

--term for the the cytosol (liquid) and organelles that fill the cell 
the organelles float in the cytoplasm
(FOUND IN ALL CELLS! )

Question 13

Ribosome

Accepted Answer

--where protein is made (protein synthesis)
--(FOUND IN ALL CELLS! )

Question 14

Vacuole

Accepted Answer

-- storage site 
-- larger in plant cells than animal cells

Question 15

Centriole

Accepted Answer

-- help animal cells divide

Question 16

Chloroplast

Accepted Answer

--contain chlorophyll
--give plants their green color
--for photosynthesis (making food for the plant)

Question 17

Mitochondria

Accepted Answer

--change glucose (sugars)  to energy (ATP)
--provide energy for the cell

Question 18

Cell/Plasma Membrane

Accepted Answer

--every cell is surrounded by this structure
--made of phospholipids
--“selectively permeable” allows only certain things in and out
--(FOUND IN ALL CELLS! )

Question 19

Cell Wall

Accepted Answer

--a hard rigid outer coating of a plant cell 
--made of cellulose
--give the cell its shape

Question 20

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Accepted Answer

--contains ribosomes (looks “pebbled” or bumpy under a microscope)
--The proteins made in the ribosomes collect here to be moved throughout the cell

Question 21

Lysosome

Accepted Answer

--found mostly in animal cells
--they help break down food and waste products

Question 22

Why is the cell/plasma membrane is called semi-permeable or selectively permeable?

Accepted Answer

semipermeable or selectively permeable means that  it only allows CERTAIN  molecules in and out

Question 23

STRUCTURE of cell/plasma membrane:

Accepted Answer

made up of proteins and a phospholipid bilayer

Question 24

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

Accepted Answer

--water is polar
--hydrophilic heads are also polar so they are attracted to each other
--hydrophobic tails are non polar so they are not attracted to the water

Question 25

similarities between active and passive transport.

Accepted Answer

Similarity: 
Both move molecules into and out of cells
Differences:

Question 26

differences between active and passive transport.

Accepted Answer

Differences: 
Active Transport: 
requires ATP (energy) 
molecules move from an area of LOW to HIGH concentration
Passive Transport: 
does not require ATP (NO ENERGY NEEDED)
Molecules move from an area of High to Low concentration

Question 27

Extracellular

Accepted Answer

area OUTSIDE of the cell

Question 28

Intracellular

Accepted Answer

Area INSIDE of the cell

Question 29

How is  facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

DIFFERENT: 
facilitated diffusion - molecules move through a protein channel (tunnel)
simple diffusion-pass through cell/plasma membrane without protein channels

Question 30

How is  facilitated diffusion similar to simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

SIMILAR: 
both move molecules across a cell membrane into and out of a cell 
from an area of high to low concentration

Question 31

What are the roles of receptor molecules, hormones, and  channel proteins in facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Hormones attach to Receptor molecules  on the cell membrane. They are specific by shape! 
Channel proteins form tunnels that allow specific molecules to flow through.  
Example of the toll booth on the bridge!

Question 32

Osmosis

Accepted Answer

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 33

Isotonic

Accepted Answer

equal amounts of solute in a solution

Question 34

Hypertonic

Accepted Answer

high solute amounts

Question 35

Hypotonic

Accepted Answer

low solute amounts

Question 36

What happens to cells in an Isotonic environment?

Accepted Answer

Water is exchanged equally
Plant Cell: no visible change
Animal Cell: no visible change

Question 37

What happens to cells in a Hypertonic environment?

Accepted Answer

PLASMOLYSIS: 
Water is LOST
Plant Cell: cell membrane pulls AWAY from cell wall 
Animal Cell: shrivels up

Question 38

What happens to cells in a Hypotonic environment?

Accepted Answer

Water is GAINED
Plant Cell: cell membrane swells up and pushes on the cell wall. Does not burst because of the cell wall (Turgor Pressure)
Animal Cell: swells up and can rupture or burst (explose)

Question 39

How are endocytosis and exocytosis similar?

Accepted Answer

--both active transport--require ATP
--both moves molecules from low concentration to high concentration

Question 40

How are endocytosis and exocytosis different?

Accepted Answer

--Endocytosis- something moving INTO the cell
-- Exocytosis: something being moved OUT of cells

Question 41

role of contractile vacuoles in unicellular freshwater organisms

Accepted Answer

Contractile Vacuole pumps water out of the cell so they do not become too swollen and burst

Question 42

Why is a contractile vacuole  not found in freshwater plant cells and saltwater unicellular organisms?

Accepted Answer

--Not in freshwater plant cells because they have a cell wall 
--Not in saltwater unicellular organisms because it is a hypertonic environment and water is being lost naturally (not needed)

Question 43

What is phagocytosis? Be sure to know the role of the pseudopod, the vacuole, and a lysosome in this process.

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis = cell swallowing
The pseudopod (false foot) extends out and “swallows” (surrounds) something. This is then closed up and put into a vacuole with digestive enzymes (lysosome)  where it is broken down (destroyed)

Question 44

--Indicator
--What it tests for/
--Color it turns for positive (+) Test Result

Accepted Answer

--Lugol’s Iodine (amber to start)
--tests for starch
--it changes to BLACK

Question 45

--Indicator
--What it tests for/
--Color it turns for positive (+) Test Result

Accepted Answer

--Benedict’s Solution (blue to start) 
--tests for glucose 
--it changes to red/orange (must be heated to work)

Question	Answer
What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?	1. all living things are made of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. 3. all cells come from other cells
Exception to cell theory: Viruses	WHY? --They are NOT cells. --They do contain genetic materials that can reproduce/duplicate in cells.
Exception to cell theory: The First Cell	Did not come from OTHER CELLS
Levels of Organization in Living Things	Level: Example Organelle: nucleus Cell: lung cell Tissue: lung tissue Organ: lung Organ System: Respiratory System
The 4 structures that ALL cells must have!	1. ribosomes 2. cytoplasm 3. cell membrane 4. genetic material
Prokaryotic Cells	NO NUCLEUS (PRO=NO)
Eukaryotic Cells	DO HAVE A NUCLEUS (“U”=DO)
What do ONLY plant cells have? (that animal cells do not)	1. Chloroplast 2. Cell Wall 3. Large/central vacuole
What do ONLY animal cells have? (that plant cells do not)	1. Lysosomes 2. centrioles
Nucleus	--most easy to see in a eukaryotic cell --controls cell activities --contains DNA
Nucleolus	--inside of the nucleus --makes ribosomes
Cytoplasm	--term for the the cytosol (liquid) and organelles that fill the cell the organelles float in the cytoplasm (FOUND IN ALL CELLS! )
Ribosome	--where protein is made (protein synthesis) --(FOUND IN ALL CELLS! )
Vacuole	-- storage site -- larger in plant cells than animal cells
Centriole	-- help animal cells divide
Chloroplast	--contain chlorophyll --give plants their green color --for photosynthesis (making food for the plant)
Mitochondria	--change glucose (sugars) to energy (ATP) --provide energy for the cell
Cell/Plasma Membrane	--every cell is surrounded by this structure --made of phospholipids --“selectively permeable” allows only certain things in and out --(FOUND IN ALL CELLS! )
Cell Wall	--a hard rigid outer coating of a plant cell --made of cellulose --give the cell its shape
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	--contains ribosomes (looks “pebbled” or bumpy under a microscope) --The proteins made in the ribosomes collect here to be moved throughout the cell
Lysosome	--found mostly in animal cells --they help break down food and waste products
Why is the cell/plasma membrane is called semi-permeable or selectively permeable?	semipermeable or selectively permeable means that it only allows CERTAIN molecules in and out
STRUCTURE of cell/plasma membrane:	made up of proteins and a phospholipid bilayer
Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic?	--water is polar --hydrophilic heads are also polar so they are attracted to each other --hydrophobic tails are non polar so they are not attracted to the water
similarities between active and passive transport.	Similarity: Both move molecules into and out of cells Differences:
differences between active and passive transport.	Differences: Active Transport: requires ATP (energy) molecules move from an area of LOW to HIGH concentration Passive Transport: does not require ATP (NO ENERGY NEEDED) Molecules move from an area of High to Low concentration
Extracellular	area OUTSIDE of the cell
Intracellular	Area INSIDE of the cell
How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?	DIFFERENT: facilitated diffusion - molecules move through a protein channel (tunnel) simple diffusion-pass through cell/plasma membrane without protein channels
How is facilitated diffusion similar to simple diffusion?	SIMILAR: both move molecules across a cell membrane into and out of a cell from an area of high to low concentration
What are the roles of receptor molecules, hormones, and channel proteins in facilitated diffusion?	Hormones attach to Receptor molecules on the cell membrane. They are specific by shape! Channel proteins form tunnels that allow specific molecules to flow through. Example of the toll booth on the bridge!
Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Isotonic	equal amounts of solute in a solution
Hypertonic	high solute amounts
Hypotonic	low solute amounts
What happens to cells in an Isotonic environment?	Water is exchanged equally Plant Cell: no visible change Animal Cell: no visible change
What happens to cells in a Hypertonic environment?	PLASMOLYSIS: Water is LOST Plant Cell: cell membrane pulls AWAY from cell wall Animal Cell: shrivels up
What happens to cells in a Hypotonic environment?	Water is GAINED Plant Cell: cell membrane swells up and pushes on the cell wall. Does not burst because of the cell wall (Turgor Pressure) Animal Cell: swells up and can rupture or burst (explose)
How are endocytosis and exocytosis similar?	--both active transport--require ATP --both moves molecules from low concentration to high concentration
How are endocytosis and exocytosis different?	--Endocytosis- something moving INTO the cell -- Exocytosis: something being moved OUT of cells
role of contractile vacuoles in unicellular freshwater organisms	Contractile Vacuole pumps water out of the cell so they do not become too swollen and burst
Why is a contractile vacuole not found in freshwater plant cells and saltwater unicellular organisms?	--Not in freshwater plant cells because they have a cell wall --Not in saltwater unicellular organisms because it is a hypertonic environment and water is being lost naturally (not needed)
What is phagocytosis? Be sure to know the role of the pseudopod, the vacuole, and a lysosome in this process.	Phagocytosis = cell swallowing The pseudopod (false foot) extends out and “swallows” (surrounds) something. This is then closed up and put into a vacuole with digestive enzymes (lysosome) where it is broken down (destroyed)
--Indicator --What it tests for/ --Color it turns for positive (+) Test Result	--Lugol’s Iodine (amber to start) --tests for starch --it changes to BLACK
--Indicator --What it tests for/ --Color it turns for positive (+) Test Result	--Benedict’s Solution (blue to start) --tests for glucose --it changes to red/orange (must be heated to work)

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Cytology/Transport