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BIO 120 Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The atomic number of oxygen is 8. How many valence electrons does an atom of oxygen have in its outer shell? | 6 |
| For a bond to be considered polar, it needs to be.... | asymmetrical in charge and geometric shape |
| The Lake Effect Snow that Allendale experiences is due to what property of water? | High specific heat |
| Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? | the majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages |
| Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that are _____. | mirror images of each other |
| Ice floats because... | of the hydrogen bonds, ice is less dense when frozen |
| If the pH of a solution is 9. What does this mean? | it has more OH- ions in the solution than H+ ions |
| Water is considered the universal... | solvent |
| True or False: a hydrophilic substance does not have an affinity for water | false |
| The complexity and variety of organic molecules are due to___. | the chemical versatility of carbon atoms |
| Why is +NaCl- able to become a solution with water? | +NaCl- is able to disrupt the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules |
| Why is carbon so important in biology? | it can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups |
| Which of these carbohydrates is not made up of monomers? -Glucose -Lactose -Cellulose -Starch | Glucose |
| Lactose, a sugar in milk, is a disaccharide composed of one glucose molecule joined to one galactose molecule. The linkage is best classified as: | glycosidic |
| What is the best explanation for why vegetable oil is liquid at room temperature while animal fats, like butter, are solid? | Vegetable oil has more double bonds than animal fats |
| If you disrupted all the hydrogen bonds in a protein, what level of organization would be unchanged? | primary structure |
| Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what ways(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol___. | Have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton |
| What are the building blocks of proteins called? | amino acids |
| A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins? | a peptide bond |
| Which biological molecule is not a polymer, and therefore not made up of monomers? | lipids |
| Fatty acids are linked to glycerol to form triglyceride by an | ester linkage |
| Phospholipids and triglycerides both___. | have a glycerol backbone |
| How do phospholipids interact with water molecules? | the polar heads interact with water, the nonpolar tails do not |
| Saturated fats____. | contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that consist of the same number of carbon atoms |
| Denatured proteins... | are unfolded and biologically inactive |
| What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids? | the components of the R group |
| Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base |
| What determines if the nucleic acid is DNA or RNA? | the sugar |
| What is the pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? | Rough ER- Golgi- Transport Vehicle- Plasma Membrane |
| _____ do not contain membrane-bound organelles. | prokaryotes |
| The endomembrane system... | synthesizes proteins |
| Which of the following are found in the plant, animal, and bacterial cells? -Mitochondria -Ribosomes -Chloroplasts -Endoplasmic Reticulum | Ribosomes |
| The liver is involved in the detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process, and therefore is abundant in liver cells? -Rough ER -Smooth ER -Golgi Apparatus -Nuclear Envelope | Smooth ER |
| What is the structure within the cell that receives vesicles, packages them, and then ships the finished product to various parts of the cell? | Golgi Apparatus |
| The cytoskeleton of a cell... | organizes the cells structures, provides structural support, and helps in mobility |
| This organelle function is the conversion of light energy to chemical potential energy... | mitochondrion |
| What structure is the site of protein synthesis? | Ribosomes |
| Suppose a cell has at least the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondrion. It could be a cell from____. | Nearly any eukaryotic organism |
| A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n)____. | element |
| A water molecule can bond to up to ___ other water molecules by ____bonds. | four...hydrogen |
| The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its ____. | electronegativity |
| Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering form a metabolic disease that decreases the amount of ATP produced,. Which organelle is most likely involved with this? | mitochondria |
| Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which organelle is most likely involved? | lysosome |
| ___molecules can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer; whereas___ molecules cannot easily pass through the membrane. | nonpolar;polar |
| Which best describes a biological membrane? | two layers of phospholipids with proteins either spanning the layers or on the surface of layers |
| Which statement about osmosis is correct? | the presence of aquaporins (proteins that form water channels in the membrane) should speed up the process of osmosis |
| A correct distinction between facilitated diffusion and active transport is that.... | facilitated diffusion depends on existing energy gradient acting on the transported substance, while active transport makes such a gradient |
| A patient was involved in a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish bodily fluids, distilled water only is added to the patient directly via a vein. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? | The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become a hypertonic solution compared to the cells. |
| Which molecules will diffuse most quickly across a lipid bilayer membrane? -H20 -O2 -H2PO4 -C6H12O6 | O2 |
| At a cocktail party with people moving around the doors to the room are like... | membrane proteins |
| You are studying a pump protein in the lab. What should you order to make sure the pump will operate? | ATP |
| When a white blood cell moves an entire virus across its plasma membrane to consume it, what type of transport is this called? | Exocytosis |
| A decrease in entropy is associated with what type of reaction? | Dehydration |
| Which statement about anabolic pathways is true? | They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers |
| What is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics for a living organism? | an organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment |
| Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics? | as a consequence of growth, the decrease in entropy of the organism is associated with a corresponding decrease in entropy of the universe |
| If you saw a ball spontaneously roll uphill without any extra input, this would be like... | ATP being spontaneously synthesized from ADP and Pi |
| What can cause a reaction to occur spontaneously? | Negative ΔG |
| The relationship between catabolism and anabolism is most similar to the relationship of what? | exergonic and endergonic |
| Why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily in solutions than dehydration reactions? | Hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and increase entropy |
| How do living organisms create macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, and complex higher-order structures | living organisms create order locally, but the energy transformations generate waste heat that increases the entropy of the universe |
| Which of the following statements describes a central role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism? | ATP provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions |
| Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as... | A cofactor necessary for enzymatic activity |
| If you're not getting enough vitamins in your food, what are you missing? | coenzymes |
| Which of the following statements of enzyme function is true? | enzymes increase the rate of chemical functions by lowering activation energy barriers |
| The food we eat provides the ___ energy flow needed for ___ to become ___ to then provide the ___ energy flow needed to power cellular work within our bodies. | Exergonic; ADP + Pi; ATP; endergonic |
| The oxygen consumed during aerobic cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? | accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain |
| What are the results of this reactions? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy | C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced |
| Cellular respiration can best be described as: | taking electrons from food and giving them oxygen to make water, using the energy released to drive ATP formation |
| What statement about glycolysis is true? | it occurs in the cytosol |
| Which molecule results from glycolysis? | Pyruvate |
| What is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyruvate | Acetyl CoA |
| What is true about the citric acid cycle? | it makes ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation |
| ATP synthase at the inner mitochondrial membrane makes ATP and water from ADP and phosphate by coupling this to which other process? | allowing H+ to move down its electrochemical gradient |
| During intense exercise, muscles lack sufficient oxygen, so which process will these muscles mainly use? | lactic acid fermentation |
| Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain? | the harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons derived from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle |
| This product is made as a result of the protons flowing through the synthase molecule during chemiosmosis | ATP |
| Early investigators thought that oxygen produced by photosynthetic plants came from carbon dioxide. In fact, it comes from... | water |
| Under what conditions do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plants? | Photosynthesis occurs only in the light, cellular respiration occurs in both the dark and the light |
| What provides the energy for Photosystem II and I to pass electrons through a series of protons? | Photons |
| Suppose you were preparing to visit a space station that uses photosynthesis to provide you with oxygen. What color lightbulbs should you take with you? | Red and blue |
| What is split to help create an electrochemical gradient to perform redox reactions to produce ATP? | C6H12O6 |
| What molecule accepts carbon dioxide as it enters in the Calvin Cycle? | rubisco |
| Carbon dioxide is ___ to produce ____ (the end product of the Calvin cycle) | Produced; G3P |
| NADPH and ATP are ____ during the Calvin Cycle and are sent back to the Light Dependent reactions to be ____ again. | Oxidized; reduced |
| Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process generates a proton gradient: | Mitochondrial Electron Transport (Respiration) |
| Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process extracts electrons from water: | Photosynthetic Electron Transport |
| Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process extracts electrons from FADH2 | Mitochondrial Electron Transport (Respiration) |
| Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process depends upon a series of sequential oxidative phosphorylation reduction reactions: | Mitochondrial Electron Transport (Respiration) |
| Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum: | Neither mitochondrial or photosynthetic electron transport |
| Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? | Glycolysis |
| If a cell at metaphase of mitosis contains 20 sister chromatids, how many chromosomes will be present in a G1 cell? | 10 |
| Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome? | It is a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins |
| In what way do kinetochore microtubules facilitate the process of splitting the centromeres? | they create tension by pulling toward opposite poles |
| In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n=10), how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis? | 20 |
| Which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit? | They carry information for the same characters |
| Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis? | MPF |
| Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely____. | a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis |
| Which of the following events occur during interphase at the cell cycle? | replication of DNA |
| Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16? | each cell has 8 homologous pairs |
| Which of the following processes occur when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis I? | corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged |
| During what phase of meiosis do daughter cells first become haploid? | Meiosis I |
| Motor proteins require which of the following structures or molecules to function in the movement of chromosomes towards the poles of the mitotic spindle? | ATP as an energy source |
| Which of the following events happen at the conclusion of meiosis I? | Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other |
| Which of the following statements describe a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism? | sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I |
| Sexual reproduction has a genetic advantage over asexual reproduction becaues? | sexual reproduction provides more genetic variability |
| Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that... | sister chromatids separate |
| Semiconservative replication involves a template, What is the template? | one strand of the DNA molecule |
| Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what % of the nucleotides will be thymine? | 8% |
| Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine, and cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. What is the significance of the structural arrangement? | it permits complementary base pairing |
| In the polymerization of DNA, a covalent bond is formed between a phosphate group of the new nucleotide being added and which of the following atoms or molecules of the last nucleotide in the polymer? | the 3' OH |
| Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a ___ group, and a nitrogenous base | phosphate |
| What is the enzymatic protein that uses DNA as a template to add new nucleotides to it? | DNA polymerase |
| What is the enzyme that functions in joining Okazaki fragaments in the lagging strand? | ligase |
| Codons are part of the molecular structure of.... | mRNA |
| What form of nucleic acid can exist both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm? | RNA |
| Translation requires... | mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA |
| How many genes are necessary for a simple metabolic pathway to function? | 2 |
| When the mRNA is being edited during transcription, these are spliced out____ and these sections called _____ stay in the final product | introns; extrons |
| tRNA uses ____ to match up with mRNA's ___ | anticodon; codon |
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