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stress
pathophysiology NUR 304
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is stress classified? | as either physical or psychological |
| Define eustress | a positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal; like getting accepted into nursing school |
| Define distress | stress that causes a negative feeling; like making a bad grade on a test |
| Explain selye's stress response theory | the body adapts to stress in order to maintain homeostasis. most effective for short periods of stress aka fight-or-flight (freeze) |
| What are the three stages of selye's response theory? | alarm , resistance, and exhaustion |
| Define stressor | challenging demand on the body that arouses a response from multiple organ systems |
| Define adaptive ability | the way in which the individual manages the stress and reduces the effect of the stressor on his or her life |
| What is adaptive ability dependent on? | individual coping mechanisms and conditioning factors |
| Define general adaptation syndrome | coordinated adaptive reactions to maintain homeostasis |
| What is selye's alarm process? | fight, flight, or freeze. hypothalamus sends corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), CFR stims anterior pituitary & sends adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ACTH stims adrenal cortex & sends cortisol & aldosterone, & adrenal medulla secretes norepi & epi |
| Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is released by the? | hypothalamus |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by? | the anterior pituitary gland |
| What does the adrenal cortex release? | aldosterone and cortisol |
| What does the adrenal medulla release? | norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in selye's alarm? | ALERTNESS! increases cardiorespiratory & vascular response, bronchioles dilate, vasoconstriction of arterial blood vessels, peripheral circulation decreases, sweat gland activity increases, pupils dilate, diminished blood flow in the GI, GU, and kidneys |
| What are the effects of cortisol in selye's alarm? | increased blood glucose levels, enhanced muscle strength, increased sympathe |
| What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete? | ADH (vasopressin) |
| What is vasopressin (ADH)? | further enhances water reabsorption from nephrons into the bloodstream |
| What is selye's resistance stage? | body attempts the delay effects of stress through continual hormone & catecholamine secretion. TIME LIMITED. if stress goes away, SNS & adrenal stim chills, PSNS resumes relaxation & returns the body to homeostasis |
| Define catecholamie | norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| What is selye's exhaustion stage? | cannot handle stress anymore. stress is prolonged. high levels of hormone & catecholamine secretion can't sustain the body, so exhaustion occurs. systemic dysfunction like depression, anxiety, fatigue, & physical illness occurs. low immunity |
| Define allostasis | a dynamic state of balance that changes according to exposure to stressors |
| Define homeostasis | a set of balance with strict, unchanging parameters (set points) within the body |
| Define allostatic load | wear and tear on the body caused by prolonged or excessive stress responses |
| What four mechanisms are accumulated with allostatic load? | repeated stressful experience, inability to adapt to stress, prolonged reaction to a stressor, inadequate response to a stressor |
| What are some common stress-related disorders? | asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, cardiac rhythm disturbances, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes, anxiety disorders, htn, irritable bowel disease, migraine headache, peptic ulcer disease, skin disorders, & sub abuse |
| Define endothelium | innermost lining of blood vessels |
| What can affect the endothelium of blood vessels? | lipids, glucose, nicotine (can lead to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis) |
| What is McWen's stress response theory? | explains cumulative adverse health effects of frequent recurring stress "stress is just apart of life" |
| Explain cardiac output (CO) | pressure of blood BP)/resistance of blood (PVR) |
| what is blood flow? | laminar |
| Define laminar | smooth/parallel to horizontal lines of vessel |
| Define hypertension (HTN) | elevated BP that corresponds with cardiovascular damage. the arterial way hypertrophies and reduces tension, making vessel radius smaller; which requires more pressure |
| What are the stages of hypertension? | normal, elevated, stage 1, and stage 2 |
| What is normal BP? | <120/<80 |
| What is elevated BP? | 120-129/<80 |
| What is stage 1 HTN? | 130-139/80-89 |
| What is stage 2 HTN? | >140/>90 |
| What is the BP recommendation for adults <60 yrs? | <140/90 |
| What is the BP recommendation for adults >60 yrs? | <150/90 |
| Explain primary HTN | more common (90-95%). no known cause |
| Explain secondary HTN | a side effect of another systemic disorder. cushing's disease, kidney disease, hyperaldosteronism, treating the systemic disorder will lower the BP |
| What are some risk factors for HTN? | age, african americans, family hx, obesity, diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, excess dietary sodium, tobacco use, insufficient potassium or vitamin D, excess alcohol consumption, and stress |
| How can HTN damage the cardiovascular system? | high damaging force against the endothelial lining of the arteries causes weakening & injury to endothelium. high resistance to LV, LV will have to work harder to overcome pressure, leads to left ventricular hypertrophy |
| How does stress lead to HTN? | stress can cause high levels of angiotensin 2 which is a potent vasoconstrictor |
| Define atherosclerosis | condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries |
| Define arteriosclerosis | abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries |
| What is takotsubo cardiomyopathy? | SNS is over stimmed from significant emotional or physical stress, increased levels of catecholamines stun the myocardium which results in abnormal wall motion. apex of the heart relaxes & creates neg inotropic response which decreases contractility |
Created by:
keiondraharden
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