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biology 10 & 11

QuestionAnswer
Chapter-10 Gregor Mendel 19th century,Austrian monk The Father Of Genetics
Genetic the branch of biology that studies heredity
Heredity the passing on of traits from parents to offspring
Traits characteristics that are inherited
Fertilization the uniting of male & female gamets
Zygote An egg and sperm unite to form a gamete.
Gamete A mature male sperm or female egg is called a gamete.
Hybrid the offspring of parents that have different forms of a traits.
Dominant observed traits;Capital letter=dominant R=WHITE MOUSE
Recessive traits that disappears; lower case=recessive r=BROWN MOUSE
Law of Segregation during fertilization, gametes randomly pair to produce four combination of alleles.
Alleles alternate forms of a gene
Phenotype the way an organism looks and behaves
Genotype the gene combination of an organism
Genotype codes for phenotype: Homozygous an organism whose two alleles for a traits are the same;BB bb
Heterozygous an organism whose two alleles for a traits are different:Bb
Law of independent assortment genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.
Punnett square a useful device for predicting possible offspring of crosses between different genotypes
Diploid(2n) a cell with two of each kind of chromosomes.
Meiosis the kind of cell division that produces gametes
Haploid (n) a cell with one of each kind of chromosome
homologous chromosomes The paired chromosome in a diploid cell
Crossing over when homologous chromosomes exchange an area of a chromaid (genetic material)this results in genetic recombination
Genetic recombination reassortment of chromosomes and the genetic information then carry
Nondisjuction the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly= down syndrome
Chapter-11 DNA deoxyribo nuclelic acid. It contain the genetic information that determines an organism's traits.
Nucleotides DNA is a polymer made of repeating subunits
Nucleotides have three parts- simple sugar,phosphate group & nitrogenous base.
simple sugar deoxyribose
Phosphate group 1 atom phosphorous + 4 atom oxygen
Nitrogen base carbon ring+ 1 or more atoms of nitrogen; ADENINE.GUANINE,CYTOSINE & THYMINE
Watson & Crick They proposed the shape of DNA is shaped like a long twisted zipper coiled like a spring (helix)
Double Helix as DNA is composed of two strands,its shape
Codon three nitrogenous bases together code for an amino acid
RNA different than DNA in three ways 1.single-stranded 2.sugar=ribose 3.four nitrogenous bases,but rather than thymine=uracil
Messenger RNA brings instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the factory floor(the cytoplasm), then moves to a ribosomes made up of....
Ribosomal RNA clamps to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble amino acids in the correct order
Transfer RNA the supplier, delivers amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into a protein
transcription the process of carring information in DNA ,by mRNA through the nuclear envelope to the ribosomes
introns they stay in between(intervening regions)are noncoding nucleotide sequences that must be removed by enzymes, prior to protein production
Translation the process of converting information in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA, into a sequence of amino acids in a protein. *translation takes place at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
MUTATION Any change in the DNA Sequence
Point mutation change in a single base pair ex.THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR
Frameshift mutation a change where a single base is added or deleted.ex.THE DOG BIT THE CAT. THE DOB ITT HECAT.
Chromosoomal mutations occur when there are structural changes in chromosomes
mutagen any agent that causes a change in the DNA sequence. raditation,benzene,sun's UV rays, etc.
Created by: ashana
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