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Hypertension

hypertension

TermDefinition
Sympathetic Nervous system (4) Overall increase in CO and SVR,: Increases heart rate and contractility, vasoconstriction in peripheral arteries, release of renin to raise BP. SHORT TERM- seconds
Blood pressure calculation Cardiac Output (CO) x Systematic Vascular resistance (SVR)
alpha-1 (a1) adrenergic receptor (2) Vasoconstriction and increased contractility in vascular smooth muscle and heart
alpha-1 (a2) adrenergic receptor (2) Vasoconstriction and inhibition of norepinephrine release (lowers BP and HR) in presynaptic membrane and vascular smooth muscle
beta-1 (B1) adrenergic receptor (4) Increases contractility, heart rate, conduction, and renin secretion in the heart and juxtaglomerular cells
beta-2 (B2) adrenergic receptor (4) Vasodilation, relaxation, gluconeogenesis (increase glucose), increase in secretions
Dopaminergic receptors Vasodilation
Renal System (RAAS) (5) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Drop in BP causes release of renin, converted to angiotensin, then angiotensin 1 and 2. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction (BP rises) and release of aldosterone (retain H20 and Na but loses K).
Endocrine System (5) Stimulation of SNS: epinephrine (beta 2 adrenergic receptors), norepinephrine, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone
Normal BP 120/80
Hypertension greater than or equal to 140/90 SUSTAINED elevation
Stage 1 Hypertension 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 Hypertension Greater than 160/100
Hypertension and diabetes mellitus less than or equal to 130/80
Isolated systolic Hypertension (ISH) SBP greater than or equal to 140, DBP less than 90 Loss of elasticity
Pulse pressure Difference between SBP and DBP (SBP-DBP)
Primary (essential) hypertension Without specific cause. Asymptomatic Risk factors: High SNS activity, high Na, vasoconstriction, diabetes mellitus, overweight, alcohol
Secondary Hypertension With a specific cause (identified and corrected) Causes: narrowing of aorta, renal disease, endocrine/neurological disorders, sleep apnea, medications, pregnancy
Symptoms of severe primary hypertension Fatigue, reduced activity tolerance, dizziness, palpitations, angina, dyspnea
Hypertensive crisis Severe/abrupt elevation in BP (DBP > or = to 120-130)
Hypertensive emergency Evidence of acute target organ damage
Hypertensive urgency BP severely elevated but no clinical evidence of target organ damage
Hypertensive Crisis manifestations (encephalopathy, renal insufficiency, rapid cardiac decompensation) Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Seizures, Confusion, Stupor, Coma, Blurred vision, Transient blindness, renal impairment or shutdown, unstable angina to infarction, pulmonary edema, aortic dissection
Hypertension medications Diuretics, a1 and beta adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, angiotensin inhibitors, calcium channel blockers
Primary hypertension drug therapy Thiazide diuretics', ACE-1, ARB, long-acting CCB, beta-blocker, single pill combination
Complications of primary hypertension LV hypertrophy, myocardial ischemia and infarction, Left sided HF, sudden death, aneurysms, acute aortic syndromes, gangrene, thrombosis, sclerosis, hemorrhage
Created by: selenay15
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