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Animal Behav. Final
Animal Behavior Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dominance Hierarchies | rank orderings of the individuals based on the results of pairwise aggressive interactions |
| Serotonin and aggression in lobsters | A small lobster was made subordinate by being matched against an individual that was 30 percent larger than it was, and then serotonin was continuously infused into subordinates (red bar). The intensity of the aggression over time is shown |
| Color as a signal in Atlantic Salmon | subordinate individuals often assume a much darker body color. Dominants’ body color remains light, but they develop dark vertical eye bands. |
| Captive breeding and increased aggression in butterfly splitfin fish | this breeding program has inadvertently produced more aggressive individuals. |
| Deciding to fight | (A) One of the many resources animals will fight over is food, as shown here by these vultures that are fighting over a carcass. (B) Males also fight over females. Here, male elephant seals are fighting over access to reproductively active females. |
| Value Estimation | When two animals contest a resource, the hungrier animal may fight harder or longer to obtain it. If one of these cats is hungrier than the other, it may be willing to risk more to obtain the remains of the fish. |
| Hawk dove game matrix | Both player 1 and player 2 choose between the hawk strategy (aggressive) and the dove strategy (bluff). V = value of resource, C = cost of fighting. |
| Hawk doge game formula | p(V – C)/2 + (1 – p) V |
| War of attrition model Assumption 1 | individuals can choose to display aggressively for any duration of time; |
| War of attrition model Assumption 2 | display behavior is costly—the longer the display, the more energy expended |
| War of attrition model Assumption 3 | there are no clear cues such as size, territory possession, and so forth that contestants can use to settle a contest |
| Dungflies war of attrition over females | Males engage in wars of attrition when determining how long to stay on a dung patch where females may alight. Assuming it takes four minutes to move from patch to patch, male mating success appears equal for a wide range of “stay times.” |
| Sequential assessment model | designed to analyze fights in which individuals continually assess one another in a series of “bouts” |
| Winner effects | wherein winning an aggressive interaction increases the probability of future wins |
| Loser effects | losing an aggressive interaction increases the probability of losing future fights |
| Winner and loser in sankes | In copperhead snakes, losses can have a significant effect on future contest outcome. losers show increased levels of plasma corticosterone compared with controls. No such change was found in winners. |
| Bystander effects | sometimes called “eavesdropper effects”—occur when the observer of an aggressive interaction changes its assessment of the fighting abilities of those it has observed. |
| Eavesdropping and testosterone | The level of testosterone increases after eavesdropping on a fight in Oreochromis mossambicus. |
| Audience effect | When individuals involved in social interactions change their behavior as a function of being watched by others. |
| Audience effects in chimps | Chimpanzees that were victims in severe aggressive interactions emitted distinctive screams. Significantly longer screams were emitted when fights were watched by an audience that included a chimp of equal or higher rank to the aggressor |
| Social networks | that incorporates visualization techniques, descriptive measures, modeling, and simulations to examine the dynamics within which information flows between individuals. |
| Play has been found | across many, but not all, major vertebrate groups. |
| Play | Play is all motor activity performed postnatally that appears to be purposeless, in which motor patterns from other contexts may often be used in modified forms and altered temporal sequencing. |
| Object play | play using inanimate objects such as sticks, rocks, leaves, feathers, fruit, and human-provided objects, and the pushing, throwing, tearing, or manipulating of such objects |
| Play in ravens | young ravens play with virtually every new kind of object they encounter—leaves, twigs, pebbles, bottle caps, seashells, glass fragments, and inedible berries and hanging games |
| Locomotor play | The single most frequent and phylogenetically widespread locomotor act of play must surely be a leap upward. Pronghorn play |
| Physiological effects of elevated motor activity | Byers and Walker listed nineteen benefits that might be associated with elevated motor activity |
| Social play | playing with others—is the most well-studied type of play. Play in pups and subsequent rank in dominance hierarchy |
| Play markers | also known as play signals, can serve to initiate play, to indicate the desire to continue playing, and to warn adults that the young are playing and not in danger of injury |
| Play face in gorillas, markers | Preceding bouts of aggressive play, juvenile gorillas use a facial gesture called a play face, which appears to signal play |
| role reversal, or self-handicapping, | older individuals either allow subordinate younger animals to act as if they are dominant during play, or the older animals perform some act (for example, an aggressive act) at an intensity below that of which they are capable. |
| Anticipating play in rats | rats in the play treatment anticipated the opportunity for play and searched for it, increasing their number of crossings. |
| spider personality types | Aggressive females were more than twice as efficient at capturing prey than docile females, and built webs that lasted longer than those built by docile females. Docile better at raising young |
| Spider personality with efficiency | Aggressive Anelosimus studiosus females were better than docile females at capturing individual prey (A), but a significantly greater proportion of docile females’ offspring survived through the fourth instar stage (B). |
| Personality type | defined as a suite of behaviors that show consistent, long-term differences between individuals |
| Reactive Coping style | A personality type characterized by immobility and low levels of aggression. Also known as the conservation-withdrawal response. |
| Leadership in novel objects geese | birds that were leaders—directing the orientation and movement of their groups—were also more willing to explore novel objects than were follower geese. |
| Boldness | refers to the tendency to take risks in both familiar and unfamiliar situations |
| Shyness | refers to the reluctance to take such risks, or even a reluctance to engage in unfamiliar activity at all. In the language of psychology, shyness is similar to behavioral inhibition, while boldness is similar to sensation seeking |
| Hyena personalities | Forty-four personality traits were studied in spotted hyenas. Assertiveness, excitability, human-directed agreeableness, sociability, and curiosity are all components of personality in hyenas. |
| Octopus personalities | As in the red octopus, shy versus bold and active versus inactive emerged as two personality types in the dumpling squid. Subsequent work showed that these traits were heritable |
| Great tit bird "fast" traits | Aggressive, Approach novel objects and quickly approach members of the opposite sex |
| Great tit bird "slow" traits | Nonaggressive, avoid novel objects, slowly approach members of the opposite sex |
| Proactive | sometimes called the active response |
| Reactive | also known as the conservation-withdrawal response |
| Proactive and reactive rats | (A) Proactive mice and rats tend to be territorial and aggressive, whereas (B) reactive mice and rats tend to be timid and become immobile or hide when threatened. |
| Brain Size and the Proactive-Reactive Personality Continuum | (A) Under stressful conditions, large-brained guppies produced less cortisol than small-brained fish. (B) Small-brained males outperformed large-brained males when learning a new foraging task that required learning a new set of skills. |
| Proactive Coping Style | A personality type characterized by territorial behavior and various forms of aggression. This style is sometimes referred to as the active response |
| Coping style | A set of behavioral and related stress responses that are consistent over time |
Created by:
jtibbetts
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