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Biology Test #4
Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a genome? | An organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes |
| What is a prokaryote? | Organisms that often times have only one DNA molecule |
| What is chromatin? | The complex material that makes up DNA and also the protein that is in a eukaryotic chromosome |
| What is a chromosome? | The discrete molecule of DNA nucleotides |
| What is a gene? | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence of the DNA; a portion of a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| What is locus? | The location of a gene on a chromosome |
| What are sister chromatids? | Identical copies of a chromosome, joined together by the centromere and eventually separating during mitosis or meiosis II. Until they divide, they are considered a single chromosome |
| What is a chromatid? | A single member of a pair of sister chromatids. As soon as they part in mitosis or meiosis II, they are known as chromosomes |
| What is a centromere? | The narrow "waist" where sister chromatids are joined together |
| What are centrioles? | "Organizing center" in the cell that aids in mitosis |
| What is mitosis? | Division of the nuclear material called DNA |
| What is cytokinesis? | Division of the cytoplasm, everything except nucleus/dna |
| What are homologous pairs? | Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and straining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci |
| How many homologous pairs do males and females have? | Females have 23. Males have 22 plus X,Y |
| What are somatic cells? | Another name for body (non-sex) cells |
| What are the sex chromosomes? | X & Y |
| What are gametes? | The sex cells that include the egg and sperm |
| What is fertilization? | The union of gametes, egg and sperm |
| What is a zygote? | Fertilized egg containing two haploid nuclei single cell |
| What is meiosis? | Variation of cell division that produces gametes having half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| What is a haploid? | Having only a single set of chromosomes |
| What is a diploid? | Having a homologous pair of chromosomes that are both maternal and paternal representatives of the homologous pair |
| What is a karyotype? | Organized profile of an all an individual's chromosome. They are grouped according to size, position, and banding pattern if stained is observed under a microscope |
| What are the two phases of cell cycle? | Interphase and Mitosis |
| What is interphase? | When cells are preparing for division |
| What are the products of mitosis? | Two daughter cells that are identical to the parents |
| What is meiosis? | Cell division in certain cells (gametes) with half of the original number of chromosomes |
| How many parent cells are in asexual and sexual reproduction? | Asexual = 1. Sexual = 2 |
| Are offspring cells identical to parent cells in asexual reproduction? | Yes |
| Are offspring cells identical to parent cells in sexual reproduction? | No, they are half of their father and half of their mother |
| What is a multicellular organization? | Living objects that utilize sexual reproduction |
| What is prophase? | Crossing over between the sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes, then they exchange genetic information and result in chromatids with recombined DNA |
| What are errors in cell division? | Mutations that include duplications, deletions, and relocations |
| What are the characteristics of mitosis (6)? | (1) One division occurs (2) No crossing over of homologous chromosomes (3) Daughter cells genetically identical to parent (4) involved in growth and repair (5) only in somatic cells (6) Asexual reproduction |
| What are the characteristics of meiosis (6)? | (1) Two divisions occur (2) Crossing over of homologous chromosomes (3) Daughter cells are not genetically identical to parent cell (4) involved in gamete reproduction and sexual variation (5) only in sex cells (6) Part of sexual reproduction |
| What is metaphase I? | Homologues move toward the center of the cell and line up |
| What is anaphase I ? | Homologues separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Sister chromatids going to each side are a mix of paternal and maternal material |
| What is telophase I (cytokinesis)? | Sister chromatids arrive at the cell poles and the nuclear membrane reassembles around them. The cell pinches into daughter cells |
| What is prophase II? | Chromosomes in daughter cells condense into spindle forms |
| What is metaphase II? | Sister chromatids pairs line up at the center of the cell |
| What is anaphase II? | Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers toward opposite cell poles |
| What is telophase II & cytokinesis? | The nuclear membrane reassembles around the chromosomes. The two daughter cells pinch into four haploid cells |
| What are the stages of meiosis (8)? | (1) prophase I (2) metaphase I (3) Anaphase I (4) Telophase I & Cytokinesis (5) Prophase II (6) Metaphase II (7) Anaphase II (8) Telophase II & Cytokinesis |
| What is inheritance? | The ability to pass on traits, coded for and by your DNA |
| What is a gene? | The segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait |
| What are characteristics (3)? | (1) Permits Reproduction (2) Permits passing on of good traits / characteristics (3) Its needed to have evolutions / adaptations |
| What are single gene traits? | Traits determined by the instructions a person carries at one gene |
| What are the features of mendelian genetics (3)? | (1) Easy to maintain (2) Easy to breed (3) true breeding |
| What is a hybrid gene? | Cross of two different true breeding genes |
| What is an allele? | Alternative versions of a gene code for a given protein |
| What is a dominant allele? | Expressed even if it paired with a recessive allele |
| What is a recessive allele? | Only visible when paired with another recessive allele |
| What is the law of segregation? | Pairs of genes on homologous chromosomes separated in meiosis and reunited in fertilization |
| What is a punnet square? | Method to determine the probability of genetic composition of offspring of two parents |
| What does an upper case letter in a punnet square mean? | It is used to represent a dominant gene |
| What does a lower case letter in a punnet square mean? | It is used to represent a recessive gene |
| What is the law of independent assortment? | The allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene |
| What is a phenotype? | The expression of the alleles, what one looks like (blue vs brown eyes) |
| What is a genotype? | The actual genetic makeup (what the alleles look like) |
| What is incomplete dominance? | Occurs when the heterozygote / hybrid exhibits an intermediate phenotype different from the dominant and recessive (red and white flowers create pink) |
| What is the result of homozygous recessive sickle cell anemia? | Fatally ill because sickle cells lead to poor blood flow since the spleen considers the cells defective and tries to destroy them... leading to shutdown |
| What is the result of heterozygous sickle cell anemia? | Individuals of this genotype have both normal and sickle red blood cells |
| What is the result of homozygous dominant sickle cell anemia? | The individual would have normal blood cells that will function as they do in normal humans |
| What is co-dominance? | Heterozygote/hybrid exhibits characteristics of both homozygotes (AB blood types) |
| What is multiple allelism? | When three or more alleles exist in the population (individuals will still only have two, ex blood types A,B,O) |
| What are antigens? | Chemicals on the surface of some cells. They act as signposts that tell the immune cells whether the cell belongs on the body |
| What are the blood inheritance characteristics (4)? | (1) 3 alleles are A,B,O (2) The A & B alleles are both completely dominant to O (3) the A & B alleles are co-dominant to each other (4) Individuals can be one of four different blood types: A, B, AB, O |
| What are polygenic traits? | Multiple genes code for the same trait. Phenotype is usually on a spectrum (skin color) |
| What is pleiotropy? | Occurs when one gene influences multiple traits. One gene, many affects (sickle cell makes you suspect to malaria as well) |
| What is epistasis? | Expression of one gene altering another gene's phenotypic expression (having red hair but being bald) |
| What is the nucleus? | Acts as the genetic control center of the cell and stores hereditary information |
| What is the nucleolus? | Area of the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled |
| What is chromatin and chromosomes? | Thin fibers of DNA which carry all hereditary information |
| What is transcription? | The sequence for a gene is copied from DNA to a middle-man molecule called mRNA |
| What is translation? | The sequence for a gene, now encoded in mRNA, is used to direct the production of a protein |
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology (process flow of genes) (3)? | (1) Existing double strand DNA is used to make DNA (replication) (2) DNA is used to make new single strand RNA (transcription) (3) RNA is used to make new proteins that carry out specific function |
| What are the DNA to RNA conversions? | G=C, C=G, A=U, T=A |
| What are mutations? | Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Occurs in both somatic and gametes |
| What is the result of a typical mutation? | They are usually neutral |
| What are the results of somatic mutations? | Results in skin cancers and leukemia |
| What are chromosomal mutations? | Either changes the structure or add/lose a chromosome |
| What is deletion? | A type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA or an entire chromosome |
| What is inversion? | A type of mutation that involves a segment of the chromosome breaking off and reattaching itself in the reverse direction |
| What is translocation? | A type of mutation in which a chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosome |
| What is duplication? | A type of mutation that involves the production of one or more copies of a gene or region of a chromosome |
| What are gene mutations? | Change in the nucleotide sequences of a gene. May only involve a single nucleotide |
| What is a substitution point mutations? | Change in one nucleotide |
| What is a silent mutation? | error in DNA/RNA still codes for same amino acid (GUU & GUC still code for valine) |
| What is a missense mutation? | Codes for a different amino acid (sickle cell amenia) |
| What is a nonsense mutation? | Changes a codon into a STOP codon. Terminates protein formation, non functional |
| What is a frameshift mutation? | Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides. Changes the "reading frame" which means proteins are built incorrectly |
| What are the agricultural biotechnology types (4)? | (1) Cloned Animals / Plants (2) disease tolerance (3) Drought tolerance (4) reduced post harvest losses |
| What are the types of genetic testing (3)? | (1) predictive testing (2) newborn screening (3) carrier testing |
| What is predictive testing? | Tells a person if she carries a mutation that will cause, or put him/her at higher risk for, a disease later in life |
| What is newborn screening? | Detects common disorders in newborns where immediate treatment can prevent dangerous symptoms |
| What is carrier testing? | Tells a person whether or not he carries a mutation that could be passed on to his offspring. One can be a carrier, but not be a risk for disease |
| What are the limitations of genetic testing (4)? | (1) Mutations may not always lead to disease (2) Existing tests only look for common mutations, more extreme ones go unnoticed (3) Small chance of error in testing procedures (4) testing is not always matched by treatment |
Created by:
legitcow3
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