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elimination

pathophysiology NUR 304

QuestionAnswer
Where are kidney stones often found? ureter
What is the function of the kidneys? filter waste products and excrete urine, break down drugs, manage electrolytes, controlling BP (RAAS), metabolize hormones, conserve and excrete water, regulate RBC production, Synthesize vitamin D, balance pH of bloodstream
What percent of cardiac output do the kidneys receive? 20-25%
What is the functional unit of the kidneys? nephron
What is a nephron? renal corpuscle and renal tubule(PCT, DCT, and loop of henle)
Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined (90-120 mL/min); diminishes with age!
Define glomerulus A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of FILTRATION
Defin eproximal convoluted tubule the first segment of a renal tubule; 60% of H2O, and Na and K+ are reabsorbed into the blood here
Define Loop of Henle located between the PCT and DCT; urea is secreted into the tubule fluid, 25% of electrolytes and 15% of H2O is reabsorbed
Define distal convoluted tubule a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system; ALDOSTERONE reabsorbs H2O and Na into blood and secretes K+ into tubule fluid
What is the collecting duct? ADH reabsorbs water into bloodstream and highly concentrated urine is formed.
What are the three types of renal dysfunction? Prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal
Define Prerenal dysfunction caused by decreased blood flow and perfusion to the kidney (directly affects GFR!)
What are some things that may cause prerenal dysfunction? hypovolemia, hemorrhage, shock
Define Intrarenal dysfunction direct damage to structures within the kidney
What are some things that may cause intrarenal dysfunction? nephrotoxic medications, NSAIDS, antibiotics, renal infections, and systemic diseases(Hypertension, diabetes)
Define postrenal dysfunction related to obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys
What are some things that could cause postrenal dysfunction? obstructive uropathy (kidney stone, prostate gland enlargement, bladder cancer)
Define hydronephrosis when a blockage causes urine to back up into the ureter and kidney causing it to be fluid overloaded.
urine is _______________ to nephron cells? toxic
urine stagnation causes a ________________ risk for infection? increased
Define Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or ischemia. cells breakdown and block the nephron tubules
What are the Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) stages? initial, oliguria, diuresis, recovery
What is the initial stage of AKI? from insult until clinical manifestations; looks at things that happened before AKI and possible causes for injury
What is the oliguria stage of AKI? fluid overload, decrease GFR and urine output, urea retention; <400 mL urine in 24 hours is considered oliguria
What is the Diuresis phase of AKI? marked by a gradual increase in urine output, which signals that glomerular filtration has started to recover. Urine may or may not be concentrated yet (isosthenuric)
What is the Recovery phase of AKI? Injury repaired and normal renal function reestablishes
What are some CM of an AKI? fatigue, confusion, abdominal pain, EDEMA, constipation, oliguria, increased K+, creatinine, and BUN
What can skew BUN levels? muscle tone and dehydration (muscular= increased BUN)
What is the best indicator of kidney function? creatinine
What are the normal values for creatinine? 0.5-1.5 mg/dL
Define RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) Renin released by kidneys; lowers blood volume; angiotensinogen produces angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II with ACE enzyme; angiotensin II stims adrenal gland to release aldosterone & cause vasoconstriction & Na & H2O retention
What is Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) most common in? acute kidney injury
what is an acute kidney injury (AKI) Acute, severe decrease in renal filtration function
what aspects of urine can be assessed? odor, color, foamy, blood ,pain/burning, abdominal/flank pain, change in urine output or frequency of urination
What does a urinalysis detect? glucose, ketones, leukocyte esterase, crystals, blood, nitrate
What does a GFR <15 mean? kidney failure
What does a GFR >60 mean? normal
Define azotemia Condition of increased amounts of nitrogenous waste products in the blood
Define Erythropoietin A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells
Define ulcerative colitis located in the colon, bloody stool, right side abdominal pain, superficial ulcers, continuous inflammation
Define Crohn's disease located in GI tract, no blood, left sided abdominal pain, very deep ulcers, patchy inflammation
What are some s/s of benign prostatic hyperplasia? weak urine stream, urge to urinate, nocturia (urination at night), dribbling, incontinence, and increased urine output
Where does ulcerative colitis begin? begins in the rectum and goes up
What do goblet cells release? mucus
Created by: keiondraharden
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