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bio lab midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ is our attempt to understand the workd around us | science |
| science and therefore biology must be guided by _______ law. Explanations in biology cannot contradict the laws of chemistry and physics. | natural |
| science must be _____ in the empirical world | testable |
| conclusions in science are _____ | tentative |
| science relies on ______ of the natural world | observations |
| using a particular observation to make generalizations is konwn as __________ reasoning | inductive |
| ______ involves drawing specific conclusions from a previous generalization, or using a previous hypothesis to predict what will happen in a different situation. | deductive reasoning |
| _____ method is an objective way of analyzing nature | scientific |
| ____ should be designed such that there is only a single explanation for the results; in other words, experiments should have only a single ______ | -experiments,variable |
| what you change in the experiment (variable investigator manipulates) | independent variable |
| the outcome you measure (variable being recorded) | dependent variable |
| experiments always require ______, you should never fully trust the results from a single trial. | replication |
| _______ hypothesis has no effect on the dependent variable | null |
| _______ hypothesis independent variable has and effect on dependent variable | alternate |
| ____ reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions from a previous generalization, or using a previous hypothesis to predict what will happen in a different situation | deductive |
| this section should include the purpose of the experiment, background information as well as the hypothesis being tested (what you might expect the experiment to show and why) | introduction |
| section tells how you performed the experiments including the materials that you used. Include any changes you might have made to written instructions. | materials and methods |
| show data graphs and/or tables of your results, and include a written description of the results. Graphs (and preferably tables) should be computer generated. | results |
| explain your results. what do you think they mean? do you accept or reject the null hypothesis? Do your results agree or disagree with the alternate hypoth? if unusual results give explinations | conclusions/ discussion |
| is commonly used to refer to the means by which organisms exchange gases with their environment | respiration |
| ___ is used to speak of a cellular process in which food is oxidized to produce energy | cellular respiration |
| in animals oxygen is taken into the body and transported to all of the cells (often via a circulatory system), where it is used to break down food for energy in a process known as ______ or ______ | aerobic metabolism, aerobic respiration |
| a by product of aerobic metabolism is___ | carbon dioxide |
| obtaining and releasing carbon dioxide by simple diffusion through the skin is____ | integument |
| many vertebrates, particularly some fish and amphibians, also supplement their breathing by gas exchange across the surface of the skin. this is ______ | cutaneous respiration |
| animals in which the body temperature depends mainly on the environmental temperature are knows as ____ this includes most invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles. | ectotherms (cold blooded) |
| ______ (warm blooded animals) use physiological means to maintain a relatively constant body temperature. | endotherms |
| _______ all matter, whether living or non-living, is subject tot he laws of chemistry and physics | natural law |
| all matter is made up of the same types of ______, and the atoms of those elements bond to make_____ in the same manner in both living and non-living material. | elements, molecules |
| the most common elements of life are ____, _____, _____, _____, _____, ______ | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur |
| ____ are carbon based molecules that are made by living things and make up much of the dry weight of living things | organic molecules |
| small organic molecules bond together to form large macromolecules which are made of repeating units known as ______ (single units) that form branched structures known as _____ | monomers, polymers |
| three major organic macromolecules=______ made up of monomers called amino acids; ______ made of monosaccharides and _______ composed of nucleotides . | protein, polysaccharides, nucleic acids |
| lipids are an organic ______ and are hydrophobic. They also _____, _____, and _____ | molecule-store energy, insulate, and protect. |
| _____ are polymer of amino acids. ______ different amino acids are found in this. All amino acids share a similar organic structure consisting of carbon hydrogen and nitrogen | proteins, twenty |
| amino acids are bonded together by _____ bonds | peptide |
| covalent bonds between the _______ group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. I n the process of forming the bond a water molecule is removed this is known as __ or __ reaction | carboxyl , dehydration, condensation |
| ___ are sugars and polymers of sugars. They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are based on the formula (CH2O) | carbohydrates |
| carbohydrates=_____/______ | sugars and starches |
| monosaccharides=______ (glucose, fructose) | sugars |
| polysaccharides=_____,____,____,____ | starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin |
| _____- polymer of glucose that is a storage form of energy in plants | starch |
| _____- a polymer of glucose that is a storage form of energy in animals. Made in your liver and can be broken down to glucose to provide energy. | glycogen |
| ____- a structural form of glucose used mainly by plants. Is the major component of plant cell walls, and is the most common organic macromolecule on earth. | cellulose |
| ______- a structural form of glucose in some animals. Is the main component of the hard exoskeleton (shell) of insects and crustaceans | chitin |
| _____ are the macromolecules responsible for carrying and transmitting genetic information in cells. | nucleic acids |
| 2 types of nucleic acids are _____ and _____ | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| lipids are not considered true macromolecules bc unlike the 3 types they are not formed by _____ reactions between similar monomers | condensation |
| lipids store ___ and ___, store energy and provided ____ | fats, oil, insulation |
| ______- cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, all cells are from pre-existing cells | cell theory |
| multicellular organisms have a division of labor among cells. Organized into ____, _____, and _____ systems. Each must control its internal environment, break food down for energy, build new structural components, and remove waist | tissues, organs, organ system |
| three important characteristics are: _____ to separate them from the outside world, _______ information that can be copied and passed on to daughter cells, and ___ reactions | membrane, hereditary, chemical |
| some typical cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotic cells include: ____, _____, ____, and _____ | mitochondria, rough endoplasmc reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus |
| ___ involved in energy production | mitochondria |
| ____ membrane system containing ribosomes and involved in secretory protein and membrane protein production | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| _____ membrane system (no ribosomes) involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| _____ stacks of membrane vesicles that store, modify, package, and distribute certain proteins, particularly secretory proteins | golgi apparatus |
| ____ the study of tissues | histology |
| the four tissues are.... | epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous |
| _____ tissue contains a sheet like arrangement of tightly connected cells, they serve as coverings for organs, as well as linings of organs. | epithelial |
| ____ epithelial tissues are a single layer thick | simple |
| ___ epithelia consist of multiple cell layers | stratified |
| the cells of an epithelium may be _____, _____, or ____ | cuboidal, columnar, squamous |
| flattened cells would be a- | simple squamous |
| cells are box like it would be- | simple cuboidal |
| multiple layers of flattened cells would make a- | stratified squamous epithelium |
| there are three main types of muscle tissue-- | smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| skeletal and cardiac are ___ or striped in appearance | straited |
| _____ are also known as unstraited or involuntary muscles, contraction is unconscious | smooth muscle |
| ____ are straited and voluntary | skeletal muscles |
| ___ is straited like the skeletal, but is involuntary like the smooth muscle | cardiac |
| ____ or fat tissue consists of cells that have a single lipid droplet in the center. | adipose |
| ____ cells are suspended in the liquid plasma, and thus the cells appear as individuals under the microscope | blood |
| ____ is responsible for receiving and conduction stimuli | nervous tissue |
| ____ movement of molecules from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration | diffusion |
| ____ constant random movement of molecules | brownian motion |
| ___ temperature at which molecules stop movement | absolute zero |
| ___ movement of water from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane (cell membrane) | osmosis |
| ____ a difference in the concentration of a substance between areas | concentration gradient |
| if the solution outside the cell contains a greater concentration of dissolved molecules than the inside of the cell the solution is said to be ____ | hypertonic |
| if the solution contains a lower a lower concentration of dissolved molecules it is said to be ___ | hypotonic |
| if the solutions are equal concentrations it is | isotonic |
Created by:
jhood
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