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Intro to Metabolism
AP Biology Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions; the emergant property that arises from orderly interactions between meolecules |
| Metabolic Pathway | Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a specific protein; each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme |
| Catabolic Pathways | Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds, making enegy availible for cellular work |
| Anabolic Pathways | Consume energy to build complex molecules form simpler ones |
| Bioenergetics | The study of how energy through living organisms |
| Energy | the capacity to cause change |
| work | The movment of matter against opposing forces such as gravity and friction |
| Kinetic Energy | The energy associated with motion |
| Thermal Energy | Kinetic energy associated with random movment of atoms or molecules |
| Heat | Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another; increases the disorder of the surroundings |
| Potential Energy | Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure |
| Chemical Energy | Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
| Thermodynamics | the study of energy transformation |
| The first law of thermodynamics | States that energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy) |
| The second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe |
| Entropy | A measure of molecular disorder |
| Spontaneous processes | Occur without energy input; can happen quickly or slowly; always increase the entropy of the universe |
| Free energy (G) | The portion of a system's energy that can do work when the temperature and pressure are uniform throughout, as in a living cell |
| Exergonic Reaction | spontaneous reaction (change in G is negative), proceeds with a net release of free energy |
| Endergonic Reaction | absorbs free energy from its surroundings and in nonspontaneous; change in G is positive |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | composed of ribose (a sugar) adenine (a nitrogenous base) and a chain of three phosphate groups; used for energy and to make RNA |
| ATP hydrolisis | A reaction which releases energy and creates ADP; provides power for the chemical work in a cell |
| The ATP Cycle | A revolving door through which energy passes during its transfer from catabolic to anabolic pathways |
| Catalyst | A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| Enzyme | A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst; most are proteins |
| Activation Energy | The energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds in the reactant molecules |
| Substrate | The reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts |
| Active Site | The region on the enzyme to which the substrate binds |
| Induced fit | When an enzyme changes shape due to chemical interactions with the substrate; brings chemical groups of the active site together |
| Cofactors | Nonprotein molecules that help carry out processes that are difficult for amino acids |
| Coenzyme | An organic cofactor, often a vitamin |
| Competitive Inhibitor | Molecules which bind to the active site of an enzyme and prevent the substrate from binding |
| Noncompetitive Inhibitor | Molecules which bind to an alternate site on the enzyme, causing the active site to change shape, and become less effective |
| Allosteric Regulation | Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and effects the protein's fundction at another site; may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme's activity |
| Cooperativity | When the binding of one substrate molecule to the active site of one subunit locks all other subunits ito the active shape, amplifying the response of enzmes to substrates |
| Feedback Inhibition | When the end product of a metabolic pathway also shuts that pathway down, preventing the cell from creating more product than is needed |
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