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Finals Study Guide
BIO101 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T1: Be able to form a hypothesis. What is the structure? | The effect of the independent variable (IV) on the dependent variable (DV). |
| T1: Define biology. | Biology is the study of living things. |
| T1: Define prokaryote and eukaryote. | A prokaryote is a simple cell characterized by a lack of membrane -bound organelles, as well as no nucleus. A eukaryote is a complex cell that is characterized by membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. |
| T1: Be able to draw atoms with electrons in orbitals. Draw Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms. | Hydrogen atoms have 1 proton and 1 electron, so it is a simple circle with one electron in the first orbital. Oxygen atoms have 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. The structure is two orbitals; the first has 2 electrons, and the seconds has 6. |
| T1: Draw a water molecule using lines to represent shared electrons. | H==O==H |
| T1: What are the 3 main subatomic particles called, and what are their charges? | Protons have a +1 charge and weigh 1 AMU Electrons have a -1 charge and weigh (-1/1800) AMU Neutrons have no charge and weigh 1 AMU |
| T1: Be able to label acids, bases, and neutrals. | pH of 1-6 = acidic pH of 7.0 = neutral (water) pH of 7.1+ = basic |
| T1: Be able to label a cell and provide the function for 4 components. | Cytoplasm: holds everything Golgi apparatus: sorts + sends to final destination Cell membrane: separates int and ext environments Mitochondria: makes ATP Nucleus: holds DNA Ribosome: makes proteins Lysosome: breaks down worn out substrates |
| T1: Name 3 structures that are unique to plant cells and describe their functions. | Plasmodesmata -- pores / channels between cells Chloroplasts -- make sugars from CO2, water, and sunlight Cell wall -- structure / protection Central vacuole -- holds water + nutrients |
| T1: What are the 4 major biomolecules? | Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids |
| T1: The ___________ is the basic unit of life. | Cell |
| T1: Benedict's solution is used to test for the presence of ____________. | Reducing or simple sugars |
| T1: _________ Is the reagent used to test for the presence of starch. | Iodine |
| T1: Biuret solution is used to test for the presence of ___________. | Proteins |
| T1: The monomeric units of proteins are _______________. | Amino acids |
| T2: The atomic number tells us the ________________. | Number of protons |
| T2: Lipids are __________________ (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) molecules. | Hydrophobic |
| T2: Why is Carbon so important in biology? | It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups. Backbone structure for the 4 major biomolecules. |
| T2: What are some techniques we use to study cells? | Light microscopy Cell fractionation Electron microscopy |
| T2: Some properties associated with living things are _________. | Growth and development Use energy |
| T2: Carbohydrate polymers (like starch) are formed of monomer units called ___________. | Monosaccharides |
| T2: What happens to red blood cells and plant cells that are put into hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions? | Hyper --> shrivel Isotonic --> stay the same Hypo --> swell |
| T2: What are the 5 stages (in order) of cellular respiration? | Glucolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP Synthase |
| T2: What stages of the cellular respiration cycle produce a net ATP? | Glucolysis: 2 Pyruvate Oxidation: 0 CAC: 2 ETC: 0 ATP Synthase: 30+ |
| T2: What stages of the cellular respiration cycle release CO2? | Glucolysis: 0 Pyruvate Oxidation: 0 per pyruvate CAC: -- ETC: -- ATP Synthase: 0 |
| T2: What stages of the cellular respiration cycle use O2? | Glucolysis: -- Pyruvate Oxidation: -- CAC: -- ETC: -- ATP Synthase: 0 |
| T2: List the 2 main stages of photosynthesis. | Light Dependent Reactions, Light Independent Reactions |
| T2: What are the inputs of each stage of photosynthesis? | LDR: Water LIR: NADPH, ATP, CO2 |
| T2: What are the outputs of each stage of photosynthesis? | LDR: Oxygen, NADPH, ATP LIR: Sugar |
| T2: ______________ is the term to describe how animal cells export items. | Exocytosis or Bulk Transport |
| T2: ______________ is the term that describes how most molecules move across a cell membrane going down their concentration gradient, by passing through a protein pore or using a protein carrier. | Facilitated Diffusion or Facilitated Transport |
| T2: ______________ is the term that described how small molecules are pumped across a cell membrane, making them more concentrated and requiring energy input in the process. | Active transport |
| T2: ______________ is an example of a class of biological molecules that can be broken down to produce ATP (excluding carbohydrates). | Proteins, lipids, or amino acids |
| T2: ______________ is one of the pigment molecules that absorbs sunlight energy. | Chlorophyll a and b |
| T2: Glycolysis takes place in the ______________. | Cytoplasm or cytosol |
| T2: What are some major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | Eukaryotic cells have intracellular organelles, while prokaryotes do not. |
| T2: The Oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in what process or event? | Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain |
| T2: In the absence of oxygen, our cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of _____________. | ATP, NAD+. and lactate |
| T2: If pigments from a particular species of plant are extracted and subjected to paper chromatography, what is most likely to happen? | Paper chromatography would separate the pigments from a particular plant into several bands. |
| T2: What describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? | Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules. Respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules |
| T2: What is the main component of an animal cell membrane? | Phospholipids |
| T2: Photosynthesizing plants: | Are autotrophs, use CO2 and release O2 during daylight |
| T2: Plant cells that show a pattern of stomatal opening and closing that is open at night and closed during daylight are called _______. | CAM plants |
| T2: Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? | It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. |
| T2: Why are there several structurally different pigments in the reaction centers of photosystems? | This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy on a variety of wavelengths. |
| T3Q1: Describe the basic parts of mitotic phase of cell division. List the 5 stages in order + state a major process occurring in each. | Prophase: DNA condenses into chromosomes Metaphase: Sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers Telophase / Cytokunesis: Chromosomes condense, cytoplasm closes, new nuclei formed |
| T3Q2: Describe the major differences in Meiosis I and Meiosis II. | Meiosis I: Parental cell produces 2 haploid daughter cells, homologous chroms pair up in M1, crossing over occurs Meiosis II: Sister chromatids align, 2 daughter cells from M1 produce two additional daughter cells |
| T3Q3: What is the number of daughter cells after mitosis? | 2 |
| T3Q4: What is the number of daughter cells after meiosis? | 4 |
| T3Q5a: _________ is the term that describes cell division in prokaryotes. | Binary fission |
| T3Q5c: ____________ is another name for the reproductive cells, and have __________ chromosomes. | Gametes; 23 |
| T3Q5e: ______________ is a disease/disorder resulting from a genetic abnormality at the chromosome level. | Trisomy 21 |
| T3Q5f: __________________ is an example of a sex-linked trait (on the X-chromosome). | Hemophilia, red-green color blindness, Duchenne's muscular distrophy |
| T3Q6a: You cross tall pea plants (TT) with short pea plants (tt). What is the genotype and phenotype of the F1 generation? | Genotype: 100% Tt Phenotype: 100% tall |
| T3Q6b: You cross F1 generation plants (offspring). What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 generation? What are the ratios of the phenotypes? | Genotypes: TT, Tt, tt Phenotypes: 75% tall, 25% short |
| T3Q8: What are 2 ways eukaryotes increase genetic variability? | Random fertilization: which egg is fertilized by which sperm Crossing over: ends of homologous chromosomes switching places Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate |
| T3Q9: What are types of local signaling in which a cell secretes a signal molecule that affects neighboring cells? | Synaptic signaling, paracrine signaling |
| T3Q11: What are the possible genotypes of a child who has a parent with Type O (ii) blood and a parent with Type AB (IAIB) blood? | Type A, Type B |
| T3Q12: Albinism is an autosomal (non-sex linked) recessive trait. What is the probability that the first child will not have or carry the Albinism gene? | 1/2 |
| T3Q14: The mitotic spindle is a microtubular structure that is involved in ___________. | Separation of sister chromatids |
| T3Q15: How is plant cell cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis? | Plant cells deposit golgi-derived vesicles containing cell wall building blocks on the metaphase plate; Animal cells form a cleavage furrow. |
| T3Q16: Homologous chromosomes _____. | Carry information for the same traits at the same locus. |
| T3Q18: The M-phase checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle and in the middle of the cell. If this does not happen, cells would most likely be stalled in ___________. | Metaphase |
| T3Q21: Mendel accounted for the observation that traits that had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that: | Traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F1 generation. |
| T3Q22: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited disease caused by a recessive autosomal allele. Is a woman is PKU positive and her husband is a carrier (heterozygous), what is the probability that their first child will have PKU? | 1/2 |
| T3Q24: If a female is a carrier for Hemophilia (heterozygous) and has a child with a man who has Hemophilia (heterozygous, recessive), what is the probability that they will have a son with Hemophilia? | 1/4 |
| T3Q25:In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? | Tortoiseshell females, black males |
| T3Q26: Which of the following is true of linkage analyses determined by Morgan? | The observed frequency if recombination of two genes that are far apart has a maximum value of 100%. |
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