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Lab Exam 3
Anatomy Lab Exam Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the conus medullaris is located adjacent to which specific vertebra? | L1 |
| why is a needle inserted into the lumbar region instead of the cervical or thoracic region, when obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid? | the spinal cord ends at L1/L2, so if a needle is inserted here, there would be no danger of accidentally damaging the spinal cord |
| what space around the spinal cord is the needle inserted into to obtain CSF? | subarachnoid space |
| which layers of meninges must the needle pierce to reach the subarachnoid space? | the dura mater and arachnoid mater |
| which structure brings information into the neuron? | dendrite |
| which structure sends information out of the neuron? | axon |
| what is the most clinically important feature of multiple sclerosis (MS)? | the progressive destruction of myelin sheaths |
| is myelin part of the neuron itself? | no, it is made by glial cells |
| what is the function of myelin? | protects and insulates axons |
| would the neurons affected by ALS be sensory or motor neurons? | motor |
| are these axons transporting information into or out of the spinal cord? | out (efferent signal) |
| what is the term for the space that is superficial to the most meningeal layer? | epidural space |
| what is contained in the epidural space? | fat and veins |
| does epidural space exist around the brain? | no |
| what is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater called? | subarachnoid space |
| what does the subarachnoid space contain? | cerebral spinal fluid and blood vessels |
| does the subarachnoid space exist around the brain? | yes |
| why does the size of the spinal cord increase in the cervical and lumbar regions? | these regions receive increased input and increased output of information from the limbs |
| which region of the spinal cord receives information for the upper limbs? | cervical |
| which region of the spinal cord receives information for the lower limbs? | lumbar |
| where are the cell bodies of motor neurons of spinal nerves located? | ventral horn |
| through which bone does the spinal cord exit the skull? | occipital bone |
| what is the name of the foramen through which the spinal cord passes through the skull? | foramen magnum |
| what is the name of these foramen through which the spinal nerves emerge? | intervertebral foramina |
| which structure has the gyri and sulci | cerebrum |
| what is a gyrus? | a ridge of cerebral cortex |
| what is a sulcus? | a groove between gyri |
| which structure has folia? | cerebellum |
| which structure is continuous with the spinal cord | brainstem |
| in what lobe is primary visual cortex located? | occipital |
| in what lobe is primary auditory cortex located? | temporal |
| in what lobe is primary sensory cortex located? | parietal |
| in what lobe is primary motor cortex located? | frontal |
| in what lobe is broca's area located? | left frontal (inferior frontal gyrus) |
| in what lobe is wernicke's area located? | left temporal |
| what symptoms would a patient show following damage to broca's area? | problems with articulating words and forming sentences |
| what symptoms would a patient show following damage to wernicke's area? | problems with understanding language |
| which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobe? | central sulcus |
| which sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes? | sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus) |
| what gyrus has primary motor cortex? | precentral gyrus |
| what gyrus has primary sensory cortex? | postcentral gyrus |
| is the postcentral gyrus anterior or posterior to the central sulcus? | posterior |
| what specific part of neurons make up the corpus callosum? | axons |
| what two structures does the corpus callosum connect? | the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
| is the pons located on the ventral or dorsal side of the brainstem? | ventral |
| is the midbrain located superior or inferior to the medulla? | superior |
| what kind of information is transmitted through the pyramids? | voluntary motor information to the body's skeletal muscles |
| what is the part of the sphenoid bone that surrounds the pituitary gland called? | sella turcica |
| is the hypothalamus located superior or inferior to the pituitary gland? | superior |
| what does the hypothalamus do? | regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, endocrine system, and emotional responses |
| is the thalamus located superior or inferior to the midbrain | superior |
| almost all of the information going to the cerebral cortex passes through ___________? | the thalamus |
| what is the cerebellum responsible for? | motor coordination and balance |
| what is the name of the vertebral arteries that pass through the foramina in the cervical vertebrae? | transverse foramina |
| if the blood flow through the vertebral arteries is compromised, which parts of the brain would be affected? | brainstem (medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, occipital lobes |
| what is an aneurysm? | a widening or expansion of an artery due to weakness in the vessels walls |
| where is a common site for aneurysms? | the branching point of the middle cerebral artery from the internal carotid artery |
| if the left middle cerebral artery is affected by an aneurysm, what neurological symptoms might you expect to observe? | damage to the motor, sensory and auditory cortex as well as broca's and wernicke's area, leading to loss of sensation, voluntary motor function, hearing, and language capabilities |
| where is cerebrospinal fluid produced? | choroid plexuses (roof of ventricles) |
| what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid? | protection and nourishment of neural tissue |
| describe the path of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the dural venous sinuses | lateral ventricles --> interventricular foramen --> 3rd ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4th ventricle --> subarachnoid space --> arachnoid granulations --> dural venous sinuses |
| what causes hydrocephalus? | an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranial cavity which compresses brain tissue |
| describe the path of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and blood from the superior sagittal sinus to the jugular vein? | superior sagittal sinus --> transverse sinus --> sigmoid sinus --> jugular brain |
| is the midbrain located superior or inferior to the pons? | superior |
| is the midbrain located superior or inferior to the thalamus? | inferior |
| where is the primary motor cortex located? | precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe |
| which imaging technology is best to visualize structures in the nervous system? | MRI |
| what is a plexus? | an interlacing network of nerves formed from ventral rami of spinal nerves |
| what is the name of the plexus that innervates the upper limb? | brachial plexus |
| what spinal segments contribute to this plexus? | C5-T1 |
| what kind of nerves are in the brachial plexus? | motor and sensory |
| what are the first signs of tightening of the coracobrachialis muscle? | numbness and tingling |
| where would patients report symptoms of tightening of the coracobrachialis muscle? | lateral forearm |
| what muscles are affected by injury to the musculocutaneous nerve? | flexor compartment of the arm |
| what motor functions would be impaired from injury to the musculocutaneous nerve? | flexion of the arm and forearm |
| what muscle groups does the femoral nerve innervate? | anterior thigh muscles including: quadriceps femoris group, iliopsoas and sartorius |
| what movements would the patient have difficulty performing after compression of the femoral nerve? | hip flexion and knee extension |
| where would the patient experience numbness if the femoral nerve was compressed? | anterior thigh, medial side of leg |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there? | 8 |
| how many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves are there? | 12 |
| how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there? | 5 |
| how many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there? | 5 |
| how many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there? | 1 |
| where are the cell bodies of the sensory fibers located? | dorsal root ganglia |
| where does the spinal cord exit the skull? | foramen magnum |
| where do the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column? | intervertebral foramina |
| which structures only carry motor fibers? | ventral roots |
| which structures only carry sensory fibers? | dorsal roots |
| which structures carry both motor and sensory fibers? | spinal nerves, ventral rami, dorsal rami |
| where are the motor neuron cell bodies located? | ventral horns of spinal cord |
| where are the sensory neuron cell bodies located? | dorsal root ganglia |
| over what area of the skin would you feel paresthesia if you damaged or irritated the ulnar nerve? | medial side of hand |
| what muscle groups of the ulnar nerve innervate? | flexor compartment of the forearm, hypothenar and interosseous muscles of the hand |
| if the ulnar nerve were severed, what clinical symptoms would you experience? | difficulting moving little finger, inability to adduct/abduct fingers |
| what is the nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel | median nerve |
| where would the patient feel numbness and tingling in their hand with carpal tunnel syndrome? | palmar side of the lateral hand and fingers |
| what group of muscles in the hand would be affected in carpal tunnel syndrome? | thenar muscles |
| what would a patient with damage to this nerve in the carpal tunnel have difficulty doing? | opposing their thumb to other digits |
| if the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome were damaged further proximally, around the elbow, what other motor function would be compromised? | flexing the wrist and fingers |
| what spinal cord segments contribute to the brachial plexus? | C5-T1 |
| what are the 5 important nerves of the plexus? | radial, ulnar, median. musculocutaneous, axillary |
| the fracture of which bone often damages the radial nerve? | humerus |
| after a fracture and damage to the radial nerve, where would the patient feel paresthesia? | dorsum of the lateral hand and digits |
| what group of muscles would be affected by damage to the radial nerve? | extensor compartment of the arm and forearm |
| what would a patient have difficulty doing with damage to the radial nerve? | extending forearm and hand |
| which plexus is the axillary nerve a part of? | brachial plexus |
| what muscles does the axillary nerve innervate? | brachial plexus |
| what actions would be impaired due to an axillary nerve injury? | abduction, flexion, extension, and lateral rotation of the arm |
| where would your patient feel numbness and tingling after an axillary nerve injury? | lateral arm |
| what nerve innervates the diaphragm? | phrenic nerve |
| what spinal segments give rise to the phrenic nerve? | C3-C5 |
| what is the functional consequence of injury the phrenic nerve? | paralysis of the diaphragm, inability to breathe |
| how would damage at spinal segment C6 differ from this injury at C2? | the phrenic nerve would not be damaged so diaphragm function would not be affected and breathing would be normal |
| what nerves are found between each pair of ribs? | intercostal nerves |
| what muscles do intercostal nerves innervate? | intercostal muscles |
| what areas of skin do intercostal nerves innervate? | skin superficial to the intercostal muscles on the thoracic wall |
| what functions does the autonomic nervous system regulate? | heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, digestion |
| how would the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system affect heart rate and blood pressure? | increase heart rate and blood pressure |
| how would the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system affect heart rate and blood pressure? | decrease heart rate and blood pressure |
| what plexus gives rise to the nerves that innervate the lower limbs? | lumbosacral plexus |
| what spinal cord segments contribute to the lumbosacral plexus? | L1-S4 |
| are the nerves in the lumbosacral plexus motor, sensory or both? | both |
| list the 3 major nerves of the lumbosacral plexus | sciatic, femoral, obturator |
| a penetrating injury to the upper thigh severes which nerve? | the femoral nerve |
| what plexus does the femoral nerve arise from? | lumbosacral plexus |
| what muscle group is innervated by the femoral nerve? | anterior compartment of the thigh |
| what motor functions are compromised by injury to the femoral nerve? | flexion of the thigh, extension of the leg |
| where would the patient feel numbness and tingling after an injury to the femoral nerve? | anterior thigh |
| difficulty breathing is caused by injury to what nerve? | phrenic nerve |
| loss of sensation to the little finger is caused by injury to what nerve? | ulnar nerve |
| inability to extend leg is caused by injury to what nerve? | femoral nerve |
| inability to extend forearm is caused by injury to what nerve? | radial nerve |
| lack of feeling from sole of foot is caused by injury to what nerve? | tibial nerve |
| inability to oppose the thumb to other digits is caused by injury to what nerve? | median nerve |
| inability to abduct arm is caused by injury to what nerve? | pudendal nerve |
| inability to supinate the forearm is caused by injury to what nerve? | musculocutaneous nerve |
| weakness extending the thigh is caused by injury to what nerve? | sciatic nerve |
| weakness adducting the thigh is caused by injury to what nerve? | obturator nerve |
| dorsiflexing the foot is caused by injury to what nerve? | common fibular nerve |
| numbness of posterolateral hand is caused by injury to what nerve? | musculocutaneous nerve |
| cranial nerve I | olfactory |
| cranial nerve II | optic |
| cranial nerve III | oculomotor |
| cranial nerve IV | trochlear |
| cranial nerve V | trigeminal |
| cranial nerve VI | abducens |
| cranial nerve VII | facial |
| cranial nerve VIII | vestibular cochlear |
| cranial nerve IX | glossopharyngeal |
| cranial nerve X | vagus |
| cranial nerve XI | spinal accessory |
| cranial nerve XII | hypoglossal |
| what bony structure do the olfactory nerves pass through to reach the olfactory bulb from the nasal cavity? | cribriform plate |
| what bone is the cribriform plate a part of? | ethmoid bone |
| is the olfactory nerve sensory, motor, or both? | sensory |
| what deficit would a patient show if they injured their olfactory nerve? | inability to smell |
| function of the optic nerve | vision |
| function of the oculomotor nerve | motor to 4 eye muscles |
| function of trochlear nerve | motor to 1 eye muscle |
| function of the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve | sensory from cornea |
| function of the abducens nerve | motor to 1 eye muscle |
| function of the facial nerve | motor to orbicularis oculi (closes eye), involuntary motor innervation to lacrimal gland |
| which nerve passes from the orbit into the cranial cavity? | optic nerve |
| if the optic nerve is compressed, would information from one or both eyes be affected? | one eye |
| if the optic chiasm is compressed, would information from one or both eyes be affected? | both eyes |
| if the optic tract is compressed, would information from one or both eyes be affected? | both eyes |
| which structure has the area of highest visual acuity? | fovea centralis |
| which structure is the blind spot on the retina? | optic disc because there are no rods or cones |
| which structure gives you eye color? | iris |
| which structure changes shape to focus light entering the eye? | lens |
| which structure lets light into the eyeball? | pupil |
| what structure is the white part of the eye? | sclera |
| which nerve will sense a puff of air onto the eye? | ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve |
| which cranial nerve relays information of pink eye to the brain? | ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve |
| which muscle elevates the superior palpebra (eyelid)? | levator palpebrae superioris (CN III) |
| what is the normal function of tears? | keep the conjunctiva moist |
| where are tears produced? | lacrimal gland |
| why do you sniffle when you cry? | tears travel from lateral to medial across the eyeball and drain into the nasal cavity |
| through what structure do tears enter the nasal cavity? | nasolacrimal duct |
| where does CN XI originate from the CNS? | spinal cord |
| what muscles does nerve CN XI innervate? | trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles |
| what kind of fibers does CN XI carry? | motor fibers |
| which divisions of CN V only carry sensory fibers? | ophthalmic division and maxillary division |
| which visions of CN V carry both motor and sensory fibers? | mandibular division |
| which nerve carries sensory information to lower teeth? | CN V3 - mandibular division |
| which nerve carries sensory information to your face lateral to your nose? | CN V2 - maxillary division |
| which nerve carries sensory information from the frontal sinus during an infection? | CN V1 - ophthalmic division |
| what muscle contracts when you stick out your tongue? | genioglossus |
| which cranial nerve innervates the genioglossus muscle? | hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
| which cranial nerves innervate the salivary glands? | facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve |
| when you bite the tip of your tongue, which cranial nerve carries the sensory information to the CNS? | CN V3 - mandibular division |
| when you burn the back of your tongue when swallowing very hot coffee, which cranial nerve carries the sensory information to the CNS? | glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) |
| when you taste the coffee, which cranial nerves carry taste information to the CNS? | facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve |
| if the small branch of the vagus nerve is damaged, what problem will result? | difficulty speaking |
| identify some of the structures that CN X carries involuntary motor signals to | heart, stomach, intestines |
| bells palsy is a condition caused by dysfunction of which cranial nerve? | facial nerve |
| how would bells palsy affect facial muscles? | they would be nonfunctional on the affected side of the face |
| would it be painful if someone with bells palsy bit their tongue? | yes - different sensory nerves |
| which structures receive involuntary motor fibers from CN VII? | submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (lacrimal gland) |
| which cranial nerves only carry sensory fibers? | CN I, II, VIII |
| which cranial nerves only carry motor fibers? | CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII |
| which cranial nerves carry both motor and sensory fibers? | CN V, VIII, IX, X |
| which structures pass through the internal auditory meatus? | vestibulocochlear nerve and facial nerve |
| what is located inside of the petrous temporal bone? | middle and inner ear |
| what structure does the doctor see at the end of the external auditory canal in the ear? | tympanic membrane |
| what is the function of the tympanic membrane? | vibrates in response to sound waves |
| what cranial nerve innervates the inner ear? | vestibulocochlear nerve |
| what sensory signal does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry to the CNS? | hearing and balance |
| if the vestibulocochlear nerve was damaged, what functions would be affected? | hearing and balance |
| what is the function of th cochlea? | converts vibrations of the ossicles into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain by the vestibulocochlear nerve |
| what is the function of the semicircular canals? | converts positional information about movements of the head into nerve impulses |
| what are the symptoms of vertigo? | dizziness and inability to balance properly |
| which part of the ear are the malleus, incus, and stapes located in? | petrous temporal |
| which bone transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the other ossicles? | malleus |
| which bone transmits vibrations from the oval window to the fluid of the inner ear? | stapes |
| which structure forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear? | tympanic membrane |
| which structures are located within the middle ear? | ossicles, opening of pharyngotympanic tube |
| which structures are located within the inner ear? | cochlea and semicircular canals |
| which other region of the of the body does the pharyngotympanic tube open into? | pharynx |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for shrugging your shoulders? | accessory nerve |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for smelling cookies baking? | olfactory nerve |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for smiling? | facial nerve |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for chewing gum? | mandibular division of trigeminal nerve |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for feeling carsick? | vestibulocochlear nerve |
| what part of the brain is CN V attached to? | pons |
| is CN VI medial or lateral to CN VII? | medial |
| what part of the brain is CN XII attached to? | medulla |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for sticking out your tongue? | hypoglossal nerve |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for feeling the cold of ice cream? | mandibular division of trigeminal nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for tasting ice cream? | facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing a loud canon? | vestibulocochlear nerve |
| which cranial nerve is responsible for feeling a sunburn on your nose? | maxillary division of trigeminal nerve |
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hcalandro
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