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Exam 4 Quizzes
BIOL-1409 with Professor Cash Fall 2022
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine system & nervous system both allow cells in a multicellular body to communicate with each other. What distinguishes endocrine communication from nervous communication? | Hormones travel through blood, affect many cells, AND take a long time to have effect. |
| Hormones may be classified as water-soluble (like epinephrine & norepinephrine) or lipid-soluble (like the steroid sex hormones estrogen & testosterone). Why do water-soluble hormones act quickly? | They trigger a cascade of enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the cytoplasm. |
| Endocrine glands all secrete biochemicals that travel in the blood to a target cell, but they have differences as well. What distinguishes the posterior pituitary from the others? | Doesn't make its own hormones; only receives & stores hormones made by another gland |
| Hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, & gonadotropic hormones affect the metabolism of target cells. What is the target & effect of gonadotropic hormones? | Testes & ovaries; generate sex cells & sex hormones |
| Hormones are regulated by the mechanism/s of | Negative feedback, positive feedback, & antagonists. |
| Hypothalamus is the "master gland" of the endocrine system. Which accurately describes a sequence of hormones that regulate metabolism? | A, B, & C are all correct. (NOT Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) -> epinephrine & norepinephrine -> kidney) |
| Endocrine system generally maintains homeostasis (relatively constant internal condition). Which hormones do NOT contribute to internal constancy & why? | Both oxytocin & prolactin |
| Endocrine diseases may be due to too much or not enough hormones. Which is a disease of hormone deficiency? | Diabetes (both insipidus & mellitus type 1) |
| Gonadotropic hormones regulate sexual reproduction. Which statement is FALSE about gonadotropic hormones? | FSH & LH have no effect on male gonads. |
| Menstrual cycle is regulated by | Ovarian cycle. |
| General term for the organ that produces & transports sex cells and produces sex hormones is | Gonad. |
| Gametogenesis differs in males & females in the | Yield, timing, and duration. |
| Polar bodies in oogenesis function to | Remove half the genetic material but "no" cytoplasm. |
| Contraceptives may be classified as permanent, hormonal, barriers, intrauterine devices, or behavioral. Which is the best description of the second class of contraceptives and its mode of action? | Estrogen & progesterone pills, patches, or implants to prevent ovulation |
| Sexually transmitted diseases may be easy or difficult, even impossible, to cure. Which of these is easiest to cure, and why? | Syphilis, caused by a bacterium |
| Development in animals involves 5 general processes (meiosis, fertilization, cleavage, osmosis, & invagination). What is the developmental stage resulting from the 4th process? | Blastula, a fluid-filled sphere of cells; common to all animals |
| Germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, & ectoderm) are required for organogenesis during development of animals. What organs / tissues in the adult derive from the 2nd germ layer? | Muscle & bone, blood |
| Embryonic stage of a human pregnancy involves an inner cell mass & a trophoblast, which gives rise to the allantois, yolk sac, amnion, & chorion. What is the purpose of the inner cell mass? | Gives rise to embryo & ultimately fetus |
| Childbirth has three stages: dilation, delivery, & expulsion. What happens during the second stage? | Fetus exits the birth canal, hopefully head-first |
| Birth defects are due to genetic abnormalities or to teratogens. Which is most easily avoidable by making wise lifestyle choices? | Recreational exposure to alcohol or cigarettes |
| Digestive organs all have something in common. What is it? | Smooth muscle capable of peristalsis |
| Stomach avoids digesting itself by means of | Both negative feedback and enzyme specificity |
| Small intestine secretes its own enzymes (carbohydrates) & receives secretions (trypsin & chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, nucleases, sodium bicarbonate, bile) from accessory organs. What is the function of the last secretion? | Emulsify fats so lipases can digest them |
| Liver serves as an accessory organ in the digestive system but also has other functions important to homeostasis. What is the homeostatic significance of the liver's lipid metabolism? | Manufactures all the cholesterol needed for plasma membrane integrity and stores vitamins A, D, E, & K |
| Macronutrients are water, carbohydrates, protein, & lipids and micronutrients are minerals & vitamins. What is the function of the third nutrient? | Provide essential amino acids that the body cannot manufacture itself |
| Endotherms' body temperature | s maintained by both behavioral and physiological mechanisms. |
| Urinary system includes the glomerulus, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra. What is the function of the third structure in this list? | Transports only urine |
| Nephrons, functional units of the urinary system, consist of many parts. Which is the site of filtration, in which all small molecules (waste as well as nutrients) are forced out of blood capillaries? | Glomerular capsule |
| Ascending & descending loops of the nephron have different structures & different functions. Which best describes the ascending loop? | Na+ exits to establish salinity gradient because walls are waterproof. |
| What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone? | Urine output decreases as collecting duct becomes more permeable to water. |
| Lymphatic system includes lymph, the lymphoid organs red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, & lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissue in the pharynx & digestive system. Which best describes the location & immune function of the spleen? | Upper left abdomen; filters blood of pathogens & spent red blood cells, produces/stores/releases white blood cells |
| Innate defenses are nonspecific and include barriers to entry, white blood cells, inflammation, protective proteins, & fever. Which best describes inflammation? | Tissues that are red, hot, swollen & painful to recruit immune cells & clear debris |
| Adaptive immunity is specific and includes antibodies, macrophages, helper T cells, plasma cells & memory cells. Which best describes memory cells? | Avoid apoptosis & provide rapid response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen |
| Immune response involves passive & active immunity and the primary (1o) & secondary (2o) responses. Which best prevents disease, and why? | Secondary response because memory cells are activated, resulting in a high, rapid rise in antibody titer |
| Diseases & disorders of the immune system include autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiencies (both acquired & inherited), allergies, & Rh factor incompatibilities. Which best describes the last one? | Rh-negative woman generates antibodies to foreign Rh factor in blood of Rh-positive fetus encountered during childbirth; Rh-factor incompatibility is problem only during subsequent pregnancies with Rh-positive fetuses |
Created by:
knrandles
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