Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psych Unit 7
Memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | The persistence of learning over time though the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. |
| Encoding | The processing of information into the memory system -- for example by extracting meaning. |
| Storage | The process of retaining encoded information over time. |
| Retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
| Parallel Processing | The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. |
| Sensory Memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
| Short-Term Memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten. |
| Long-Term Memory | The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
| Working Memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
| Explicit Memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously known and "declare" (also known as declarative memory) |
| Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
| Automatic Processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |
| Implicit Memory | Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative memory) |
| Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second. |
| Echoic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere; sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| Spacing Effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |
| Testing Effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading info. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. |
| Shallow Processing | Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words. |
| Deep Processing | Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. |
| Hippocampus | A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. |
| Flashbulb Memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
| Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. |
| Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test. |
| Relearning | A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. |
| Priming | The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. |
| Mood-Congruent Memory | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
| Serial Position Effect | Our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primary effect) in a list. |
| Anterograde Amnesia | An inability to form new memories. |
| Retrograde Amnesia | An inability to retrieve information from one's past. |
| Proactive Interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. (foward-acting) |
| Retroactive Interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. |
| Repression | In psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. |
| Misinformation Effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
| Source Amnesia | Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, hear about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source miss-attribution) |
| Deja Vu | That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger a retrieval of an earlier experience. |
| Cognition | All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| Concepts | A mental grouping of simliar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
| Prototypes | A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into catogories. |
| Creativity | The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
| Covergent Thinking | Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. |
| Divergent Thinking | Expands the number of possible problem solutions. (Creative thinking that diverges in different directions) |
| Algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics. |
| Heuristic | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
| Insight | A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
| Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
| Mental Set | A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. (Example of fixation) |
| Intuition | An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. |
| Representative Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. |
| Availability Heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their wild vividness), we presume such events are common. |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident that correct -- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements. |
| Belief Perseverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| Framing | The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. |
Created by:
emag
Popular Psychology sets