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Zoomorfologi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Zoomorphology | A branch of biology dealing with the body plan of animals. |
| What was Aristotles definition on a species? | "A group of individuals in which all members share the same set of distinguishing features". |
| Taxonomy | The science of categorization or classification of organisms based on discrete sets of features. |
| Systematics | The science of categorizing or classification of organisms past and present, and the relationship among organisms across time. |
| What are the defining characteristics of animals | They are: * Eukaryotic * Multicellular *Heterotroph * Aerobic respiration * Motile * Sexual reproduction |
| Eucaryotic | Organisms whose cells have a nucleus. |
| Multicellular | Organisms consisting of more than one cell. |
| Heterotroph | Organisms consuming organic material to meet their metabolic need. (they eat) |
| Aerobic respiration | Organisms requiring oxygen to produce ATP. |
| Motile | Organisms that are able to spontaneously move their bodies. |
| Sexual reproduction | Organisms producing gamets with a haploid set of chromosomes. |
| What is the Linnaean rank of taxonomic categories | The order is (from largest to smallest): •Kingdom •Phylum •Subphylum •Class •Subclass •Order •Suborder •Family •Subfamily •Genus •Species •Subspecies |
| Why could it be inportant to study embryology i correlation with zoomorfology? | many distinguishing features of fyla take place during embryonic development |
| The species concepts are? | *The morphological species concept *The biological species concept *The phylogenetic species concept *The ecological species concept |
| The morphological species concept | Individuals who are similar in morphology belong to the same species. |
| The biological species concept | Individuals who can have fertile offspring together belong to the same species. |
| The phylogenetic species concept | Individuals who share a common ancestor and a line of evolution that differs from other lines of evolution belong to the same species. |
| The ecological species concept | Individuals who utilize the same ecological niches belong to the same species. |
| Bilateral symmetry | Organisms with a single plane of symmetry which divides the body into two mirror |
| What is the dorsal, anterior, posterior and ventral sides of an object? | Dorsal = top Anterior = front Ventral = bottom Posterior = back |
| What do bilateral animals 'gain' from their bilaterality? | Bilateral animals search for food --> it's practical to have all their sensory organs in one place |
| Radial symmetry | Organisms with a repeating pattern of body parts around a central axis. |
| What are the advantages of being radially symetrical? | If the animal stays in the same place at all times it is an advantage to have sensory organs all around and not in one place |
| Which are the two different ways cells can divide? | They are: *radial cell cleavage *spiral cell cleavage |
| What differs protostomia and deuterostomia from each other? | P spiral cell cleavage D radial cell cleavage. P mosaic embryo and D regulative embryo. P blastopore -> mouth, anus later D blastopore -> anus, mouth later P coleom forms by splitting (schizocoleous) D coleom forms by outpocketing (enterocoelous) |
| What is the difference between spiral cell cleavage and radial cell cleavage? | Spiral cell cleavage: *the first two divisions are made at a 90° angle, by the third division it starts spiraling and continues this way. Radial cleavage - *the cells always divide at a 90° angle and never start spiraling |
| ***How does a mosaic embryo differ from regulative embryo? | In a mosaic embryo, if 1 blastopore is separated from the 4 |
| How does the blastopore develop in protostomia versus Deuterostomia | In Protostomia, the blastopore becomes the mouth and anus forms secondarily. In Deuterostomia the blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth forms secondarily. |
| How does the coelom form in protostomia versus deuterostomia? | In protostomia the coelom forms by splitting from the gut. In deuterostomia the coelom forms by outpocketing from the gut. |
| Which are the germ layers that develop during the embryonic development? | •Ectoderm •Endoderm •Mesoderm |
| What does the Ectoderm develop into? | The ectoderm develops into the epidermis which includes hair, nails and skin glands, it also develops the nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. |
| What does the Endoderm develop into? | The endoderm develops into the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs such as liver, pancreas, bladder and lungs. |
| Some animals develop a third germ layer called mesoderm, but what does it develop into? | The mesoderm develops into muscles (both smooth and striated) bone, cartilage, dermis, circulatory system including heart, blood vessels and spleen and finally the coelom wall. |
| Dibloplastic animals | Organisms that develop from two germ layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm |
| Triploblastic animals | Organisms that develop from all three germ layers, the ectoderm, the endoderm and the mesoderm. |
| In Protostomia there are two subgroups. Which are these? | One subgroup is Lophotrochzoa and the other subgroup is Ecdysozoa. |
| What are the unique characteristics of Lophotrochzoa? | They either have a lophophore, which is a ring of ciliated tentacles around their mouth, or they have a trochophore, which is free swimming larva with several bands of cilia. |
| What are the unique characteristic of Ecdysozoa? | They perform ecdysis. This is when they molt their exoskeleton. |
| How many species are there in the phylum Cnidaria? | Cnidaria contains more than 9000 species. |
| How old are the earliest fossils from Cnidaria? | The earliest fossils are 700 million years old, which was long before the cambrian explosion. |
| Which type of cell is characteristic for Cnidarians and only present in this phyla? Describe it | Cnidocytes: •is a long tube with 'spines' on inside •Have quick trigger mechanism (one time use) •sometimes contain toxins, 'glue' or lassoes |
| Which toxins did he mention? How do they work? | •Neurotoxins: attack the nervous system and quick result in paralysis •Cytolytic: dissolve/make the cells burst •Hematotoxins: affect the blood and explodes the blood cells/make them loose structural integrity |
| What are dioecious species? | male and female are separate individuals |
| What are monoecious species? | All individuals have both sexes |
| When and why could it benefit a species to reproduce sexually or asexually? | •Food is plenty -> not important to diversify the genepool (already going well -> ^usefull becoming more -> better to reproduce asexually •Food is sparse -> important to diversify the genepool (^chanse to survive) -> better to reproduce sexually |
| Where do cnidarians live | Some live in freshwater but the majority are marine living. |
| Are cnidarians carnivores or herbivores? | They are predators and mostly eat carnivorous food. |
| Are cnidaria bilateral? | No, they are radialy symetrical |
| Which are the classes of Cnidaria and what is characteristic for each class? | There are 6 classes in the phylum and these are: •Hydrozoa (smaller jellyfish) •Scyphozoa (lager jellyfish) •Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish) •Myxozoa (obligate parasites) •Cubozoa (box jellyfish) •Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals) |
| Dimorphism | The existence of two morphologically different forms of a species. |
| Cnidaria often has two diffrent forms. What are these forms? | Polyp and Medusae. |
| How do cnidarians move? | They have no muscle cells (since muscle develop from mesoderm). Instead they move slowly by using specialized cells (epitheliomuscular cells) in epidermis that are able to contract and dilate [the cell] |
| What is the mesoglea? | Cnidaria A jelly layer that lies between gastrodermis and epidermis. It's 96% water and works as a flexible skelleton [mesoglea] |
| How do cnidaria sense? | Their sensory cells are often only single but sometimes they come in clusters that form sensory organs. They respond to touch, light or chemosensory stimuli. Some species have cell ensembles for detection of light or sense of balance. |
| Which are the ways Cnidaria reproduce? | Cnidarian can reproduce asexually by Budding or strobilation and medusae reproduce sexually. Medusae are also dioecious |
| How do Cnidaria feed and digest? | First they catch the prey using their tentacles with cnidocytes. After they have ingested the prey they begin extracellular digestion in the gastrovascular cavity and intercellular digestion in the gastrodermis. Digestion is similar in medusae and polyps |
| How is the Cnidarian nervous system built and what are the sense organs in Cnidaria? | Nerve net = diffuse w/o centralization (≠ brain) Synapses = bidirectional = go both ways. Cnidaria = only phyla with this Medusae have nerve rings for coordinated movements Box jellyfish have camera-type eyes with a cornea, lens and retina |
| What are some facts about the class Hydrozoa? | Cnidaria •most marine, some freshwater •smaller jellyfish, D = 2mm -> few cm •Usually asexual polyp + sexual medusae •Polyp often colonial •medusae have velum = membrane used for movement (opening smaller -> jet of water |
| What are some facts about the class Scyphozoa? | Cnidaria •all marine •larger jellyfish, D = 2-40 cm (largest ≈ 2m!) •Medusae form bell-shaped w/o velum •Polyp stage reduced or absent |
| What are some facts about the class Staurozoa? | Cnidaria •all marine, most cold water •Stalk-like bottom and polyp formed like trumpet •8 tentacle clusters surrounding mouth •Polyps live solitarily + reproduce sexually •Planula larva develops directly into polyo form •no medusae form |
| What are some facts about the class Myxozoa? | Cnidaria •Most marine, some freshwater •obligate endoparasites (need host (often annelids) to survive) •Tiny (D = 10-300𝜇m) •Often two host during life cycle •reproduce via spores •Only one cnidozyde (makes them part of phyla) |
| What are som facts about the class Cubozoa? | Cnidaria •all marine •Their medusae umbrella is more formed like a cube, D = of 2-3 cm (largest form around 25 cm) •In each lower "corner" of umbrella is a tentacle or a group of tentacles. •polyp form often inconspicuous or unknown. |
| What are some facts about the class Anthozoa? | Cnidaria (sea anemones & corals) •Marine •polyp has flower like apperance •sea anemones and corals •no medusae stage •live solitarlily or in colonies •large gastrovascular cavity partitioned by septa (increases inner surface -> greater absorption) |
| How can anemone move? | They can slowly change place by gliding along the surface it's attached to |
| What does the phylum name Mollusca refer to? | The name refers to their soft bodies. |
| Which habitats does mollusca inhabit? | They inhabit both terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments. They were among the first to inhabit dry land |
| What are the different variety of dietary types in the phylum Mollusca? | They are either herbivores grazers, predatory carnivores, filter feeders, detritus feeders or parasites. |
| What is detritus? | Dead organic matter |
| Which are the 7 classes in the phylum mollusca? | •Gastropoda (snails + slugs) •Bivaliva (clams, oysters+mussels) •Polyplacophora (chitons) •Chepalopoda (octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses) •Scaphopoda (tuskt shells) •Aplacophora (worm like mollusca) •Monoplacophora (anciens lineage) |
| Which five elements in the body plan of mollusca are present in most of the phyla? | •Head w/ mouth, radula and sensory organs •Muscular foot ventral side for locomotion (real muscle cells + produce mucus) •Visceral mass w/ digestive tract, open circulatory system, respiration and reproductive organs •Mantle •Mantle cavity |
| What is a radula? | Mollusca* A rasplike structure of tiny teeth used for scraping food particles off a surface and drawing them into the mouth. |
| How does reproduction in mollusca occur? | •Most species are dioecious + reproduce with partner. Some are monoecious. •Develop through 2 larva stages. 1) = trochophore larva stage 2) = veliger (unique for molluscs) •Cephalopods develop directly without a larva stage. |
| What are some facts about the class Gastropoda? | Mollusca • Only class with both aquatic and terrestrial species • Shell, when present, always in one piece • Developmental processes of torsion and coiling |
| What are some facts about the class Bivalvia? | Mollusca • Second-largest class within the mollusca (20,000 species) • Always aquatic, found both in salt- and in freshwater • Laterally compressed body with two shells (=valves) |
| What are some facts about the class Cephalopods? | Mollusca • All marine + active predators • Foot merged with head region and modified forming a funnel for expelling water from the mantle cavity • Anterior part of the foot builds a circle of arms and/or tentacles |
| Describe Octopuses, squids, cuttlefish and nautilus | Mollusca, cephalopoda • Octopuses: usually without shell • Squids: with small internal straight shell called a pen • Cuttlefish: small internal curved shell called cuttlebone • Nautilus: with external shell (gas-filled chambers for buoyancy) |
| What is characteristic about phylum Annelida? | Annelids are worms with bodies that are divided into metameres (segments). They also often have setae (tiny bristles) and have a head and tail end. They can often exttrude their throat to catch prey |
| How are the segments in annelida divided? | Each segment id divided internally by septa and marked on the outside by annuli (circular rings). Each segment has the same set of organs. |
| When are the first annelida fossils from? Characteristics? | The first Annelida fossils are from the Cambrian explosion. They have the typical segmentation (metamerism) and numerous setae (bristles) |
| Which are the groups and subgroups of annelida? | Groups: •Polychaetes (many bristles) •Clitellata (few or no bristles) ·Subgroups Clitellata: ·Oligochaetes (ex earthworms) ·Hirudinea (ex leeches) |
| What are the mechanisms of locomotion in Annelida? | Every segment contains a liquid-filled coelomic cavity. Contracting circular muscles -> segment=long & thin, contracting longitudinal muscles -> segment= short & wide. S&W used as anchors, extends w/ L&T to new anchor point. |
| Which feeding types are different annelida? | •Oligochaetes - often scavengers •Leeches - often predators •Polychaetes - wide variety of feeding types |
| What are Annelida's segments called? | Metameres |
| What is characteristic of annelida's circulatory and respiratory system? | •Closed circulatory system •Dorsal vessel functions as heart (can contract) •The respiratory pigment is most often hemoglobin. •respiration via skin and/or gills and/or parapodia. |
| What are some characteristics of the group Polychaetes? | Annelida •Many bristles •Mainly marine •Most benthic, some pelagic •Often have appendages each side of every segment (parapodia) ·highly vascularized for efficient gas exchange |
| What is Annelidas excretory system? | Each segment has one pair of nephridia and the nitrogen waste is excreted as ammonia or urea through nephridiopores. |
| What does benthic mean? | Lives at the bottom of a body of water |
| What are the parts of Annelida's nervous system? | Annelida have a: •Dorsal pair of cerebral ganglia above the pharynx. •A double ventral (belly-side) nerve cord along the whole body. •Fused pair of ganglia in each segment of the body. |
| what does pellagic mean? | Free swimming |
| How does reproduction happen in Annelida? | •Polychaetes usually dioecious •Oligochaetes usually hermaphroditic •Many soecies can also reproduce asexually |
| Annelida have a unique* ability, what is this ability | •Annelida have the ability to regenerate after being damaged •Depending on species both or only head part can regenerate to complete animals •Leeches cannot regenerate |
| What are setae? | Annelida* (kitin) Tiny bristles that many annelida species have. They can be used for locomotion (swimming or ancors for pulling) or as ancors in the sediment so that predators have a harder time pulling them out |
| What are som characteristics of the group Clitellata and its subgroups Oligochaetes and Hirudinea? | Annelida Clitellata: •Only few or no bristles •Clitellum(fat band body's first third)present •Hermaphrodites •Mainly fresh water or terrestrial soils Oligochaetes: (bl.a. earthworm) •Only few bristles Hirudinea: (bl.a. leeches) •No bristles |
| How do annelida sense? | •They have simple touch-, chemo-, and photo-receptors all over their body (single cell) •Some Polychaetes have more developed eyes, statocysts and a Nuchal organ ('on' palp) |
| How do annelida grow? | The second to last segment is the growth zone. Here segments are added as the animals grows |
| What are annelid's cuticles? | Epidermis secretes a substance that hardens and forms a protective layer around the animal |
| What are some basic fact about the phylum Arthropoda? | •Can be found in all the earths different regions •Adapted to life in air, on land, in fresh & marine waters. Even in/on plants or other animals. •Wide variety of dietary types. •Characterized by having legs with joints •Open circulatory sstm |
| What are the five subphyla in the phylum Arthropoda? | They are: •Hexapoda (insects) •Chelicerata (Spiders, scorpions, ticks, horseshoe crabs) •Crustacea ( Lobsters, crabs, barnacles) •Myriapoda (Centipedes and millipedes) •Trilobita (extinct) |
| Arthropods are often divided into larger, fused, segments. What are these segments called? | Tagmata In insects they are abdomen, thorax and head In spiders they are abdomen and cephalothorax |
| In what ways can Arthropoda's appendages vary in morphology? | Arthropodas legs are biramous (divides into two parts at the end) or uniramous (do not divide) The mouthparts are chelicerae in spiders and mandibles in insects They are often modified for locomotion, sensory function or food handeling |
| What are some characteristic features in the subphylum Hexapoda? | Arthropoda (Insects) •6 legs (all attached to midle segment) •3 tagmata •head w/ 1🔗antennae, 1🔗compound eyes, ≤ 3 ocelli, 3🔗mouth parts •Thorax w/ 3 segments, ≤ 2 🔗 of wings •Abdomen w/ 9-11 segments w/ most organs |
| What are the two classes in Hexapoda and some basic facts about them? | Arthropoda (insects) Entognata: •Small bodied •Wingless •Mouthparts retracted within the head •ametabolous (do not metamorph) •Live in soil •no eyes Insecta: •Often two pairs of wings •Base of mouth outside of head •Live on land |
| What are the different ways fertilized eggs develop in Hexapods? The three modes of development | Arthropoda •Ametabolous: w/o M. Fertilized egg w/ direct development via cycles of molting •Hemimetabolous: incomplete/gradual M. fertilized egg –nymph–adult form •Holometabolous: complete M. fertilized egg –larva –pupa–adult form M=metamorphosis |
| What are some characteristic features in the subphylum Chelicerate? | Arthropoda •Pair of chelicerae •Body w/ 2 tagmata (head and middle fused) •8 legs •Head w/o antennae & mandibles (only to hold, predigest food outside of body) |
| What are the different classes in Chelicerate? | Arthropoda •Merostomata (Horseshoe crabs)(fewer joits > hard hurt) •Pycnogonida (Sea spiders)(marine, some segments duplicated) •Arachnidae (Spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites)(among first arthropoda on land, many eyes, no 'lungs' just many vessels |
| What are some characteristic features in the subphylum Crustacea? | Arthropoda •2 pairs of antennae •2 pair of mandibles •2 pairs of maxillae •Often 1 pair of appendages on each body segment •Often biramous appendages •Not known maxillae |
| What are the three superclasses in Crustacea? | Arthropoda •Oligostraca (small-bodied, aquatic & often planctonic or benthic. Some parasitic) • Xenocarida (small-bodied, marine, annelid-like body w/ arthropod-typical appendages. No eyes) Vericrustacea (diverse group, copepods, isopods, decapods) |
| What are some characteristic features in the subphylum Myriapoda? | Arthropoda •^750 legs •Body comprised of 2 tagmata (head & trunk) •Head w/ 1 pair of antenna •Almost every trunk segment has paired appendages •Terrestrial •Breath via tracheae •Mainly detrivores •Internal body plan similar to other arthropods |
| Which are the four classes in Myriapoda? | Arthropoda •Chilopoda [centipiedes] (^177 segments, flattened body) •Diplopoda [millipedes] (25-100 segments, cylindrical body] •Pauropoda (<2mm, 12 segments, no eyes) •Symphyla (2-10mm, 14 segments, no eyes) |
| What is an exoskeleton? | Cuticle •skeleton outside of body •Secreted by epidermis •Composed of chitin (and sometimes protein and/or calcium salts) •Tough but flexible and relatively lightweight •Used for protection and an attechement pint for muscle •Reduces water loss |
| What is an endoskeleton? | Skeleton inside body |
| How do land living arthropoda supply their body with oxygen? | They have a so called tracheal system consisting of cuticle-lined tubes that branch out, become smaller and smaller, and supply all tissue with oxygen Spiracks are oxygen openings to outside world This system limits the possible body size |
| What are Hexapoda's digestive, circulatory excretory and nervous systems like? | Arthropoda •Digestive tract w/ foregut, midgut & hindgut •Open circulatory system w/ tubular heart & hemolymph •Excretory sstm w/ Malpighian tubules & nitrogen waste excreted as uric acid •Nervous system w/ dorsal cerebral ganglia & ventral nerve cord |
| What are arachnidae's digestive, circulatory excretory and nervous systems like? | Arthropoda •Digestive tract w/ foregut, midgut & hindgut •Open circulatory system w/ tubular heart & hemolymph •Excretory sstm w/ Malpighian tubules & nitrogen waste excreted as uric acid •Nervous system w/ dorsal cerebral ganglia & ventral nerve cord |
| What are crustacea's digestive, circulatory excretory and nervous systems like? | Arthropoda •Digestive tract w/ fore-, mid- & hindgut •Open circulatory sstm w/ tubular heart & hemolymph •Excretory sstm w/ antennal or maxillary glands & nitrogen waste excreted as ammonia •Nervous sstm w/ dorsal cerebral ganglia & ventral nerve cord |
| What is the position of amphibia in the animal kingdom? | Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Tetrapoda Clade Anamnia (no amnionic sac -> needs water for development of eggs) Class Amphibia |
| Which are the three orders of Amphibia? | •Anura (Frogs and toads "tail less amphibians", 45 families) •Urodela (Salamanders "tailed amphibians", 10 families) •Gymnophiona (Caecilians "maskgroddjur", 10 families) |
| How did amphibia evolve? | •Swim bladder -> increasingly vascularized and ultimately -> lungs •Fin bones -> solid and ultimately limbs (first push on water bottom, then on land) •Took place in sweet water (more unstable habitats [often dry out]) •Already food on land -> easier |
| What are some problems with living on land that amphibia had to overcome? | •Stronger solar radiation (UV radiation is harmful) •Air has a lower density than water •Larger and faster temperature differences •More oxygen •Air contains less water than body •Receiving sensory information differs between land and water |
| How did amphibians overcome the problem with air having a lower density than water? | Since the lower density leeds to gravity having a larger inpact on the individual amphibians developed stronger bones and muscle and began using limbs for locomotion instead of a moving tail |
| How did amphibians overcome the problem with larger and faster temperature differences on land? | By controlling the body temperature (homeothermic) |
| How did amphibians overcome the problem with there being more oxygen in air than water? | •Gas exchange had to take place without waterloss •Development of a special reso´piratory system and adapted circulatory system |
| How did amphibians overcome the problem with air containing much less water than the body? | •Excretory system had to retain water •Sperm, eggs and larval stages need to be in a humid environment •Skin w/ lots of keratin protects agaist water loss |
| How did amphibians overcome the problems that come with the difference in receiving sensory information on land vs in water? | •Sound waves in air have to be amplified •Electromagnetic waves (light) travel further in air, too much light can be blinding •There's a difference in refractive index between air and water (water in eyes, air outside of eyes) |
| What are chromatophores? | •Branched cells containing pigments that can be concentrated or evenly distributed •Used for camouflage by changing color or color intensity |
| Which are the three types of gas exchange in frogs? | Amphibia •Cutaneous breathing (via skin) •Buccal breathing (via mouth) •Pulmonary breathing (lungs) |
| What tyoe of circulary system do amphibians have? | •Double circulation •Threechamber heart (blood mixes to an extent) •Two atrium |
| What are som facts about the order Anura | Amphibia •Stout body •Limbs folded under •Hindlimbs longer than forelimbs •≠ tail •Anteriorly attached tounge •Protruding eyes •often aquatic larvae •larvae herbivore, adult carnivore •All temperate & tropical regions of world •teeth only hold |
| What are some facts about the order Urodela? | Amphibia Salamanders •Slender bodies w/ lizard-like appearance •Blunt snout •Short limbs projecting at 90° angle from body •Yes tail •Often aquatic larvae •Most nothern temperate regions of world |
| What are some facts about the order Gymnophiona? | Amphibia caecilians •Long slender bodies •No limbs •Pointed snout •Strong skull •Mouth recessed under head •skin w/ ring-shaped folds •Internal fertilization •Mostly viviparous •Lungs •Wet tropical regions of S-AM, Africa, India & SW Asia |
| How did amphibians overcome the problems that come with the stronger solar radiation on land? | Skin w/ lots or keratin protects againts, among other things, UV-light |
| What is special about the skin of amphibians? | •Lots of keratin (protects against UV-light and water loss) •Mucus (glands) protect against water loss •Poison glands •Skin color is produced by chromatophores |
| Why do frogs and others have a so called urostyle? | When jumping it's not as important to have a moveable spine -> last vertebrae fused . Salamanders do not have this fusion |
| Describe the excretory system of a frog | Amphibia •Paired kidneys •Nitrogen waste excreted as urea (i.e. not ammonia) •Uninary bladder present •Cloaca |
| What are amphibian eyes like? | •Tear glands •Focus changed by moving lense for-/backwards •Most have color vision (tetrachromatic) •Iris to cope with high intensity of light during day (often shaped like slits) |
| Where are birds positioned in the animal kingdom? | Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrate Superclass Tetrapoda Clade Amniota Class Aves |
| What characterizes the clade Amniota? | The presence of an amnion (a protective membrane surrounding the developing embryo) |
| What is an Amnion? | A protective membrane surrounding the developing emryo |
| Which features make a vertebrate a bird? (since there is such a great uniformity of structure among birds) | •Light-weight but sturdy airframe •Highly efficient respiratory system •Highly efficient digestive system •Highly developed senses and nervous system •Endotherm •Feathers! (in past some none-birds w/ feathers) •Uropygial gland as only skin gland |
| Why is there a great uniformity of structure among birds? | Their entire anatomy is designed around flight which doesn't leave much room for variation |
| What is the uropygial gland? (preen gland) | •A skin gland that provides an oily secretion to impregnate birds' plumage •The only skin gland in birds |
| What is special about birds' bones? | •Extremely light-weight •Are pneumatized (contain air cavities) |
| Describe the skeleton of a bird | •Elongater, flexible and S-shaped neck •Rest of vertebral column is rigid •Sternum with large keel •Forelimb bones modified for flight |
| What is the difference between the fastening of the skull in mammals and in birds? | Birds have only one occioital condyle, mammals have two |
| What is a crop (birds) | Storage chamber in digestive tract. Used to regurgitate food to feed offspring |
| What is a gizzard? (birds) | •Specialized muscular stomach •Important since birds can't chew •Pre process food •Some swallow small pebbles to grind more efficiently |
| What kind of circulatory system do birds have? | •Double circulation •Four chamber heart (2 atria + 2 ventricles) •Nucleated blood cells |
| Describe the respiratory system in birds | •9 pairs of air sacs (not involved i gas exchange) •Lungs w/ tube-like parabronchi (where gas exchange takes place) •Syrinx present •Extremely efficient. constant gas exchange, no breaks when breathing out |
| Describe the reproductive system in birds | •Males: tiny testes (sometimes grow during mating season(to save weught other parts of year)), most w/o penis •Females: Only left ovary & oviduct. Eggs w/ much yolk and hard shells |
| Describe the urogenital system in birds | •Kidneys •salt glands (since bad kidneys and some drink salt water -> large amounts of salt) •No urinary bladder (urin brought directly to cloaca •Nitrogen waste excreted as uric acid |
| Describe the sensory and nervous system in birds | •Brain w/ enlarged cerebellum & optic lobes •Smell & taste often poorly developed •Highly developed vision (eye w/ pecten) •Middle ear w/ columella |
| Which groups is the class Aves divided into? | Paleognathae & Neognathae |
| Describe the group Paleognathae | Aves •Modern birds w/ ancestral palate (sturdy, non moveable) •Flat sternum & poorly developed flight muscles •Mostly flightless •5 orders |
| Describe the group Neognathae | Aves •Modern birds w/ flexible palate •Keeled sternum & highly developed flight muscles •Mostly flying birds •35 ordes |
| Which are the five orders of the group Paleognathae? | Aves •Struthioniformes (ostriches) •Rheiformes (rheas) •Casuariiformes (causuars & emu) •Apterygiformes (kiwis) •Tinamiformes (tinamous) |
| What are some(!) orders of the group Neognathae? | Aves •Sphenisciformes (penguins) •Strigiformes (owls) •Piciformes (woodpeckers & toucans) •Columbiformes (pigeons & doves) •Anseriformes (swans, geese & ducks) •Psittaciformes (parrots & parakeets) |
| Are birds reptiles? | Some taxonomists say they are (avian & non-avian reptiles), some say they are separate classes. We learn thet they are separate |
| What is the difference between contour and down feathers? | Contour: •Barbuille & barbs hook togeather Down: •No hooking togeather •Found between skin & contour feathers •Extra amount around chest |
| What is a bird doing if it's "preening"? | •They are hooking their feathers back togeather after they've been broken appart •They are also distributing oil fron the preen gland |
| How many digits do birds (normaly) have? | 4. 3 forwards and 1 backwards |
| Describe the digestive tract in birds | •Quick and thourogh, trade of between kepping longer for more nutrients, and quicker to carry less weight •crop •gizzard •cloaca •ceca |
| How do birds vocalize? | They do not have vocal cords. Instead they have a syrinx which sort of is a thin membrane attached to muscle that control if and how much the membrane vibrates |
| Which are the three subphyla in the phylum chordata? | •Urochordata (Tunicata) •Cephalochordata (Lancelets) •Vertebrata (Craniata) |
| Which are the 5 characteristics of the pylum chordata? | •Notochord •Dorsal tubular nerve cord •Pharyngeal pouches and slits •Endostyle or thyroid gland •Postanal tail |
| What is the other name for the subphylum Urochordata (phylum chordata)? | Tunicata |
| What is the other name for the subphylum Cephalochordata (phylum chordata)? | Lancelets |
| What is the other name for the subphylum Vertebrata (phylum chordata)? | Craniata |
| What is the other name for the subphylum Tunicata (phylum chordata)? | Urochordata |
| What is the other name for the subphylum Lancelets (phylum chordata)? | Cephalochordata |
| What is the other name for the subphylum Craniata (phylum chordata)? | Vertebrata |
| Some facts about the subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) | Chordata •Marine (shallow & deep) •Most sessile as adults •Free swimming larvae •Often live in colonies •Tunic ↻ seives as exoskeleton •Simple sensory organs •Filter feeders •Pharynx w/ many pharyngeal slits •Monoecious •♡ & blood w/ hemoglobin |
| Some facts about the subpylum Lancelets (Cephalochordata) | Chordata •Marine •Benthic & 3-5 cm as adults •Almost translucent •All 5 features as adult •No brain •Filter feeders •No ♡ (body surface) •No respiratory pigment in blood •simple sensory organs •dioecious •No metamorfosis •Posterior in sand |
| What does sessile mean? | Permanently attached or fixed; not free-moving |
| Some facts about the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) | Chordata •Inhabit all habitats •Proper organs •Notochord -> vertebrae •Chambered heart (need more blood) •'better' sensory organs (often paired) •More developed dorsal nerve cord & brain |
| When are the first chordata placed in time? | During the cambrian explosion |
| What is a/the notochord? | •Characteristic feature of chordata •Earliest part of endoskeleton •Develops dorsal to digestive tract •Kolagen around •Attachement point for muscle •Flexibility-> S-movements •Replaced by column of vertebrae in most vertebrata |
| What is a dorsal tubular nerve cord? | •Characteristic feature of chordata (all embryonic forms) •Different to this phyla that it develops dorsal side •Front end develops into brain •Develops from ectoderm •Epidermis invaginates during embryonic stage -> hollow •Spinal cord in e.g. humans |
| What are pharyngeal pouches and slits? | •Characteristic feature of chordata •Filters food particles from water •Modified in many species (gills in fish, pouches w/o openings in land living vertebraes)(still slits in embryo) |
| What is an endostyle or thyroid gland? | •Characteristic feature of chordata •Ventral side of pharynx •Produces mucus that catches food particles in pharyngeal slits •Some secrete proteins containing iodine and hormones (involved in appetite etc.) |
| What is a postanal tail? | •Characteristic feature of chordata •Behind anus •Present in most chordatal embryonic forms and some adult |
| Some facts about the phylum Echinodermata | •All marine •Unique combination of features in their body plan •All larval forms bilaterally symetric •Earliest fossils from cambrian explosion •Some radially symetric as adults •most pentarasially symetrical (5) & free swimming •None osmoregulate |
| Which are the 5 classes of the phylum Echinodermata? | •Asteroidea (Starfish) •Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) •Echinoidea (sea urchins) •Crinoidea (sea lilies & feather stars) •Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) |
| Some facts about the class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) | Echinodermata •Elongated oral-aboral axis •Lying on one side •Endoskeleton reduced -> soft bodied •Tube feet only on substrate side (=sole side) •Tentacles extend & retract > mouth •Respiratory tree for gas exchange •Soft body > need self defence |
| At what develiopmental stage is an animals phyla determined? | It's often the early stages in development that determin the phyla |
| Some facts about the class Asteroidea (starfish) | Echinodermata •Flattened body •Endoskeleton •Carnivore •Mouth ground, anal up •Stomach extruded & retracted •No brain •single cell sensory organs •diouecios •Can regenerate lost/dropped body parts •some reproduce asexually |
| Describe circulatory system in the class asteroidera (starfish) | Echinodermata •Papulae (version of gills) = gas exchange & nitrogen waste •Hemal system instead of circulatory (no gas exchange) •No 'pigment' since no oxygen in 'blood' |
| Some facts about the class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) | Echinodermata •Gap between arms •Smaller organs than starfish (asteroidea) •no suckers or ampulae ('swim') •some w/ arms that branch •Heimal system |
| Some facts about the class Echinoidea (sea urchins) | Echinodermata •bilaterally symmetric •calcium carbonate i test •Penta radial •Spines (moveable lite ball sockets) •5 teeth •siphon absorbs water to concentrate 'food' •no circulatory system (heimal system) •no brain •single cell sensory organs |
| Some facts about the class Crinoidea (sea lilies & feather stars) | Echinodermata •Sessile at least part of adult life •No spines •No peditilae •Filter feeders |
| what is a taxonomic group? | "A taxon with all its subordinate taxa and their individuals, for example the taxonomic group insecta consists of all insects and their taxa" |
| Are fishes a taxonomic group? | No |
| What does the term "fishes" describe? | •All aquatic vertebrates with gills, which usually have appendages in the form of fins, and which usually have skin with scales •In an evolutionary sense fishes can be defined as all vertebrates that are not tertapods |
| Some facts about the clade Anamnia | •Mostly external fertilization •Depend on water for development of eggs •Fishes & amphibians •Sistergroup is Amniota |
| Some facts about the clade Amniota | •Mostly internal fertilization •Embryo covered by protective membrane called amnion •Sistergroup is Anamnia |
| Where are fishes placed in the animal kingdom? | •Phylum Chordata •Subphylum Vertebrata •Clade Anamnia |
| What are the classes of fish? | •Myxini (hagfishes) •Petromyzontida (lampreys) •Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) •Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) •Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) |
| How can the classes of fish be categorized? | Cyclostomata = Agnata (jawless fishes [round mouths]): •Myxini •Petromyzontida Gnathostomata (fishes w/ jaws): •Chondrichtyes •Actinopterygii •Sarcopterygii Osteichthynes (bony fish): •Actinopterygii •Sarcopterygii |
| Which are the different types of scales in fishes? | •Placoid scales (cartilaginous fishes) •Ganoid scales (nonteleost bony fishes) •Cycloid scales (teleost fishes) •Ctenoid scales (teleost fishes) |
| Whicg are the tail forms in fishes? | •Heterocercal tail (most cartilaginous fishes) •Homocercal tail (most bony fishes) |
| What are polyphyodont teeth? | Teeth that are continually replaced (popyphodont is an animal whos teeth are continually replaced) |
| Describe fish reproduction | •Separate sexes •Most external fertilization •Most cartilaginous fishes w/ internal fertilization •Most oviparous, some viviparous |
| What does oviparous animal mean? | An animal that produces eggs |
| What does viviparous animal mean? | An animal that gives birth to living young |
| Some facts about the class Myxini (hagfishes) | Fishes •All marine •Mostly feed on carcasses |
| Some facts about the class Petromyzontida (Lampreys) | Fishes •Either freshwater or anadromous •Mostly parasitic |
| What are som characteristics of the class Cyclostomata (Hagfishes & Lampreys) | Fishes •Slender, eel-like body •W/o paired appendages •No scales |
| Describe the skeleton of the group Cyclostomata (Hagfishes & Lampreys) | Fishes •Cartilaginous •Persistent notochord •Reduced or absent vertebrae •No jaw •Mouth w/ keratinized plates (hagfishes) or teeth (lampreys) |
| Describe the circulatory system of the g groupyclostomata (Hagfishes & Lampreys) | Fishes •Simple, tube-like heart w/ sinus venosus •1 atrium •1 entricle •Single circulation •Nucleated red blood cells |
| Describe the Urogenital system of the group Cyclostomata (Hagfishes & Lampreys) | •Paired kidneys •Nitrogen waste as ammonia •External fertilization •Separate sexes •Large yolky eggs (Hagfishes), small egs & long larval stage (Lampreys) |
| Describe the nervous system in the g Croupyclostomata (Hagfishes & Lampreys) | •Small brain •10 cranial nerves •Eyes often poorly developed •No ampullae of Lorenzini •One (Hagfishes) or two (Lampreys) pairs of semicircular canals |
| Some facts about the class Chondrichtyes | Fishes, (Cartilagionous fishes) •Most marine •2 subclasses: Elasmobranchii & Holocephali •Spindle-like or dorsoventrally compressed body w/ pectoral & pelvic fins •Placoid scales or naked |
| Where are mammals positioned in the animal kingdom? | •Phylum Chordata •Subphylum Vertebrata •Superclass Tetrapoda •Clade Amniota •Class Mammalia |
| Are mammals all alike? | No, There's a great diversity of size and sturcture among mammals |
| What feature distinguishes mammals from non avian reptiles? (shared w/ birds) | They are endotherm (warm blooded) |
| Some characteristic features of mammals | •Endotherm •Hair (if a vertebrate has hair it's a mammal)(individually moveable)(usually 2 types)(evolved into spines & quills) •Have a variety of skin glands (largest variation in a phyla) (all at least 4 types) |
| Name som types of skin glands | •Sweat •Sebaceous •Scent •Mammary (gave name to mammals) |
| What potential information can skin glands communicate? | •Species •Social group •Sex •Reproductive status •Age •Health status •Social rank •Identity •Genetic relatedness (kin) •Diet •Emotional information |
| What potential functions can skin glands communicate? | •Presence •Territoriality •Sexual receptivity •Synchronisation •Inbreeding barrier •Directea altruism •Social bonding •Emotions •Mate choice |
| Describe the skeleton of mammals | •Lower jaw consists of only one bone, the dentary (ancestors composed of multiple bones) •Jaw joint composed of dentary & squamosal •Former jaw bones now transmit sound in middle ear (> higher frequency range) •Most 7 cervical vertebrae |
| Describe the teeth of mammals | •Heterodont (4 types: Incisors, Canines, Premolars & Molars) •Diphyodont (2 generations: Deciduous & Permanent) •Of course exceptions |
| Describe the digestive tract of mammals | •Lenght and other factors adapted to feeding habits •Longer for herbivores since harder to digest |
| Describe the circulatory system of mammals | •Four chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles) •Left aortic arch persistent •Non-nucleated red blood cells |
| Describe the respiratory+ system of mammals | •Lungs w/ blind-ending alveoli •Diaphragm present •Larynx w/ vocal cords |
| Which are the patterns of reproduction present in mammals? Describe them shortly | Monotremes: •Oviparous (egg laying) •Soft shells •Cloaca Marsupials: •Viviparous •Short gestation period •Prolonged period in pouch Placental mammals: •Viviparous •Long gestational period •Placenta •Offspring either precocial or altricial |
| What does precocial mean? | Hatched or born with the eyes open, a covering of down or hair, and the ability to search for food. Used of birds and mammals |
| What does altricial mean? | •Being hatched or born in a very immature and helpless condition so as to require care for some time •No fur •Eyes closed •limited locomotion |
| Describe reproduction in mammals | •3 patterns of reproduction •Internal fertilization w/ penis •Males: Testes usually in a scrotum •Females: Always 2 ovaries and 2 oviducts |
| Describe the excretory system in mammals | •Kidneys •Urinary bladder and Urethra •Nitrogen waste excreted as urea |
| Describe the nervous system and sensory organs of mammals | •Brain large relative to body mass, especially cortex •12 cranial nerves (all amniota have 12) •Sense of smell often highly developed •Sensory adaptations to ecological niches |
| Which dietary specializations exist? | •Carnivorous (scavengers) •Insectivorous •Herbivorous •Gummivorous •Omnivorous •Frugivorous •Gramivorous (seeds) •Graminivorous (grass) •Detrivorous •Piscivorous •Sangvivorous (blood) •Folivorous (leafs) |
| Which are the sub groups of mammals? | •Prototheria (monotreme mammals) •Metatheria (Marsupial mammals) •Eutheria (Placental mammals) |
| What is a placenta? | •Tissue composed of maternal ans embryonic cells •Provides nourishment to offspring via umbelical cord |
| Which are the subclasses of the class Chondrichthyes? | Fishes (Cartilaginous fishes) •Elasmobranchii (Sharks, Skates, Rays) •Holocephali (Chimaeras) |
| Describe the skeleton of the class Chondrichtyes | (Cartilaginous fishes) Fishes •Cartilaginous •Persistent notochord •Distinct vertebrae •Heterocercal tail •Jaws w/ polyphyodont teeth |
| Describe the circulatory system of the class Chondrichtyes | Cartilaginous fishes •Simple tube-like heart w/ sinus venosus (1 atrium, 1 ventricle) •Bulbus arteriosus •Single circulation (since no lungs) •Nucleated red blood cells |
| Describe the respiratory system of the class Chondrichtyes | Cartilaginous fishes •5-7 pairs of gills •No swim bladder •Nucleated red blood cells |
| Describe the Urogenital system of the class Chondrichtyes | Cartilaginous fishes •Paired kidneys •Nitrogen waste as ammonia •Internal fertilization •Separate sexes •Ovioarous or viviparous •No larval stage |
| Describe the nervous system and sensory organs in the class Chondrichtyes | •Well developed brain •10 cranial nerves •3 pairs of semicircular canals •Senses of smell, vibration (lateral line organ), vision & electroreception well developed •Ampullae of Lorenzini •Retina w/o cones |
| What are the subgroups of the group Orsteichthyes? | Bony fishes •Ray finned fishes (Actinopterygii) •Lobe-finned fisshes (Sarcopterygii) |
| Some characteristic features of the group Osteichthyes | Bony fishes •Usually spindle-like & bilaterally compressed body w/ pectoral & pelvic finns •Both marine & freshwater •Ganoid, Cycloid or ctenoid scales |
| Describe the skeleton of the group Osteichthyes | Bony fishes •Bony skeleton •Notochord persistent but reduced •Distinct vertebrae •Mostly homocercal tail •Jaws w/ popyphyodont teeth |
| Describe the Circulatory system of the group Osteichthyes | Bony fishes •Simple tube.like heart w/ sinus venosus (1 atrium, 1 ventricle) •Bulbus arteriosus •Single circulation (since no lungs) •Nucleated red blood cells |
| Describe the respiratory system of the group Osteichthyes | Bony fishes •Usually 5 oairs of gills •Gills covered by bony operculum •Swim bladder |
| Describe the Urogenital system of the group Osteichthyes | Bony fishes •Paired kidneys •Nitrogen waste as ammonia ir Urea •Mostly external fertilization •Mostly separate sexes •Mostly Oviparous bur some viviparous •Sometimes w/ larval stage |
| Describe the nervous system and sensory organs of the group Osteichthyes | Bony fishes •Well developed brain but relatively small •10 cranial nerves •3 pairs of semicircular canals •Development of senses variable •No ampullareof Lorenzini •Retina w/ cones |
| How do fishes move? | •S-like movements •Muscles are attached to vertebrae collumn and are segmented |
| What is a swimmbladder and what's its funktion? | •Avoid sinking w/o using energy on swimming •Bony fishes only •Increase gas level from blood for more boyance • |
| What is a sensory line organ? | •All fishes have •Canal filled w/ sea water •Groups of mechanical receptors detect pressure waves in water that enter openings •Can detect direction depending on differences in reception in different parts of body |
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