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Bio Ch. 10
How Genes Work
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gene expression | the process by which genes are transcribed into RNA & then translated to make proteins |
| transcription | creates a segment of RNA based on a DNA template |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that recognizes and binds a gene's promoter sequence and then separates the two strands of DNA during transcription |
| promoter | a segment of DNA near the beginning of a gene that RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to begin transcription |
| template strand | the strand of DNA that is used as a template to make a new strand of DNA |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | a type of RNA that is complementary to a DNA template strand |
| terminator | a special sequence of bases that signal the end of transcription |
| intron | stretches of sequences that don’t code for anything |
| exon | stretches of sequences that carry instructions for building a protein |
| RNA splicing | introns are cut out & exons are inserted |
| ribosome | help translate the information the mRNA contains from the language of mRNA (nitrogenous bases) to the language of proteins (amino acids) |
| translation | the process by which ribosomes convert the information in mRNA into proteins |
| codon | sequence AUG, the point on an mRNA strand at which the ribosomes begin translation |
| start codon | the ribosome’s starting point on the mRNA strand for translation |
| stop codon | the point on an mRNA strand at which the ribosomes end translation |
| genetic code | the information specified by all 64 possible codons |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | an important component of ribosomes |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | delivers specific amino acids to the ribosomes |
| anticodon | a sequence of three bases that binds the correct codon on the mRNA |
| down-regulation | slow down gene expression |
| up-regulation | speed up gene expression |
| gene regulation | enables organisms to change which genes they express in response to internal signals (from inside the body) or external cues in the environment |
| unambiguous | each codon specifies only one amino acid |
| redundant | several different codons call for the same amino acid |
| virtually universal | nearly every organism on Earth uses the same code – a feature that illustrates the common descent of all organisms |
| 3 stop codon sequences | UAA, UAG, & UGA |
| if there's a mutation in promoter or terminator, the mRNA transcribed will | it will be affected, it won't start working |
| single-base insertions & deletions do what | they cause all subsequent codons to shift up or down by one base |
| how is DNA polymerase different from RNA polymerase | DNA polymerase starts at origin & goes until the end while RNA polymerase starts at promoters & stops at terminator |
| process of transcription | the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, unzips the DNA double helix at the beginning of the gene, moves down the DNA template strand, constructs a mRNA using nucleotides complementary to the DNA, & stops when it reads a terminator |
| process of translation | mRNA binds to a ribosome, ribosome moves 1 codon at a time & tRNA molecules bind to mRNA, allows ribosome to link amino acids in correct order, when ribosome reaches a stop codon the mRNA & the completed amino acid chain both separate from the ribosome |
| are single-base substitutions a big problem | no, not always |
| RNA base-pairs | A-U, G-C, C-G, T-A |
Created by:
nat.riv
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