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Vocab Ch. 6
Honors Biology Ch. 6 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Activation energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
| Active site | The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs. |
| allosteric regulation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. |
| anabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules. |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Bioenergetics | The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms. |
| catabolic pathways | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules. |
| catalyst | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| chemical energy | Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy. |
| coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor |
| cofactor | Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. |
| competitive inhibitors | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics. |
| endergonic reaction | A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
| energy | The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). |
| energy coupling | In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. |
| entropy | A measure of molecular disorder, or randomness. |
| enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s) |
| exergonic reactions | A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. |
| feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
| first law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| free energy | The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. |
| free energy of activation | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start |
| heat | Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another. |
| induced fit | Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. |
| kinetic energy | The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. |
| metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway). |
| metabolism | The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product. |
| phosphorylated intermediate | A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule. |
| potential energy | The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). |
| second law of thermodynamics | The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. |
| substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| spontaneous process | A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable. |
| thermal energy | Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form |
| thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
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