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ap bio unit 4 part 4

gene expression

TermDefinition
increased gene transcription: - binding of inducer to the repressor - binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter - binding of cAMP-CAP complex to the activator region - puffing of the chromosomes - formation of lampbrush chromosomes
decreased gene transcription: - binding of the repressor to the operator
cancer cell characteristics: - extra chromosomes - unrestrained proliferation - fewer glycoproteins and glycolipids on surface - spherical shape - high mobility - laminin receptor/collegenase secretion - frequently possess extra chromosomes
normal cell characteristics - anchorage dependence - recognition of other cells of their own tissue type - contact inhibition of growth and cell division
operator binding site for the repressor protein
promoter binding site for RNA polymerase
gene segment structural gene
repressor gene that codes for the repressor protein (ahead of operator/gene)
in the lactose operon system, E.coli, the repressor is... a protein
regulator gene associated with the lac operon mRNA is transcribed from the R gene whether lactose is present or not
in the lac operon, inducer substances in bacterial cells probably... combine with repressor proteins, inactivating them
the promoter region of a bacterial operon... is a binding site for RNA polymerase
the regulator gene of a bacterial operon... codes for repressor proteins
the sugar lactose induces synthesis of the enzyme lactase. what happens when an E.coli bacteria runs out of lactose? repressor protein binds to the operator
the lac operon is an example of... transcriptional control
in the lac operon, RNA polymerase... binds to the promoter
in bacteria, structural genes can be turned off when... the end product of a reaction combines with the repressor protein and activates it
in the tryptophan operon, the end product of the biochemical pathway, tryptophan, binds to the repressor protein, which then binds to the - operator to inhibit transcription
nucleosomes Nucleosomes are the basic packing unit of DNA built from histone proteins around which DNA is coiled. They serve as a scaffold for formation of higher order chromatin structure as well as for a layer of regulatory control of gene expression.
transcriptional control in eucaryotes: - most control mechanisms involve activation of transcription rather than inhibition - much of the mRNA transcript must be excised before translation - the DNA wound around the histone protein core must be unraveled before transcription can take place
extending the bacterial operon model to developing eucaryotes is difficult because genes for related function, or for different polypeptides assembled in the individualized protein, are located on different chromosomes
forms of post-transcriptional control in eucaryotes: - excision of introns - movement of mRNA into the cytoplasm - attachment of mRNA to ribosomes - longevity of proteins
if an insect is given the hormone ecdysone, certain regions of the insect's chromosomes will soon exhibit puffing. what important process is taking place in the puffs? mRNA synthesis
regions of active gene transcriptions are found in lampbrush chromosomes
imprinting passes on patterns of gene activity from growing cell to daughter cells through methylation of C-G sequences
imprinting failure can result in aging problems
converting a normal cell into a cancer cell - loss or reduction of contact inhibition - loss of fixed-number-of-divisions control - loss of anchorage dependence - decrease in tissue type affinity
genes that cause cancer are referred to as oncogenes
triggering cancer: - mutations - retroviruses - carcinogenic chemicals - proto-oncogenes
Created by: tpolinsky24
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