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ap bio unit 4 part 1
transcription/translation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| is usually single stranded | RNA |
| contains pyrimidines | both DNA and RNA |
| contains deoxyribose | DNA |
| is coiled in a double helix | DNA |
| contains thymine | DNA |
| contains cytosine | both DNA and RNA |
| contains uracil | RNA only |
| brings amino acids to the ribosome | mRNA |
| is present in the ribosome | RNA |
| is involved in transcription | both DNA and RNA |
| is involved in translation | mRNA and tRNA |
| has an anticodon at one end and a binding site for an amino acid at the other | tRNA |
| forms part of the ribosome | no RNA |
| serves as a template for protein synthesis | mRNA |
| is synthesized from a DNA template in the nucleus | mRNA |
| carries the code for a particular protein to the ribosome | mRNA |
| which step of transcription occurs in both prokarytoic and eukaryotic cells | RNA polymerase bonds to the promoter of the DNA |
| termination signal in transcription | - followed by a sequence of adenine - relatively weak A-U bonds between the DNA and mRNA transcript allows the transcript to separate - a nucleotide sequence on the DNA that ells the RNA polymerase when to stop - causes hairpin loop in mRNA |
| relationship between pre-mRNA and mRNA | the introns are removed from the primary transcript and the remaining pieces spliced together to form functional mRNA |
| the organelle where the synthesis of mRNA takes place is the _______ | nucleus |
| the organelle where the codon and anticodon couplings take place is the ________ | ribosome |
| tRNA functions in | carrying amino acids to the correct site on the mRNA |
| what statement about DNA is false? | every possible triplet codes for some animo acid |
| what statement about mRNA is false? | molecules of mRNA are synthesized on the ribosomes from nucleotides brought by tRNA |
| though a gene codes ultimately for all aspects of a protein's structure, it codes directly only for ________ ________ | primary structure |
| what happens to tRNA after they are released? | they pick up another animo acid of the same type that they had before |
| ribosomes and protein synthesis: | - ribosomes are made up of rRNA, enzymes, and proteins - after the small ribo subunit binds to mRNA they large one binds - synthesized proteins in the rough ER usually do not stay in the cytosol - large ribo subunit has two sites for tRNA binding |
| direction transfer of genetic info in most living organisms is: | DNA ---> mRNA ---> protein |
| 126 amino acids with terminal methionine removed = | 381 nucleotides |
| intron | an RNA sequence that is edited from a transcript before translation |
| in what stage of mitosis does replication occur | the very beginning or else the cell cannot split (synthesis phase)(interphase) (between interphase and prophase) |
| the point that attaches two DNA molecules | centromere |
| why is replication termed "semi-conservative" | because each double chromatid chromosome contains 1/2 of the original DNA strand and 1/2 new replicated DNA |
| when all chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell before they are pulled apart | metaphase |
| how many different genes do humans have? | around 21,000 |
| how many chromosomes are in each human cell? | 46 |
| how many chromosomes are in a gamete? | 23 |
| when DNA molecules in a chromosome are separated as the cell starts to divide | anaphase |
| are daughter cells identical? | yes |
| when the cell pinches | telophase |
| helicase | breaks the hydrogen bonds in between the nucleotide bases in the double helix DNA strand |
| single strand binding proteins | hold the strands of DNA apart |
| RNA polymerase | adds a RNA primer to the 5' end of the two separated DNA strands |
| DNA polymerase | adds complementary DNA nucleotides in a 5'-->3' direction |
| ligase | removes the RNA primer and places correct DNA nucleotides in place |
| continuous/leading strand | strand that is replicated continuously and only has one RNA primer needed |
| discontinuous/lagging strand | requires multiple RNA polymerases because it must also grow in a 5'-->3' direction but that is opposite of the overall direction of replication |
| Okazaki fragments | short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication |
| Griffith's experiment | harmful/harmless bacteria; mouse still died even though bad bacteria was heat treated; found that bacteria could transfer genetic info through transformation |
| Hershey-Chase experiment | Waring Blender; infected E-coli w/ sulfer or phosphorus; blender removed more parts of protein than nucleic acid; found that DNA made up genetic material |
| 5' end | phosphate group |
| 3' end | sugar group |
| thymine dimer | - cause: over exposure to sun - how repaired: excision repair enzyme - problems in fixing: DNA polymerase has trouble reading dimer; also awkward and stiff |
| deletion repair | - cause: mutation (common in A-T pair sequence) - how repaired: deletion repair enzyme - problems in fixing: causes altering of gene's "meaning" |
| initial error | - cause: misplaced bases - how repaired: DNA polymerase "backs up" - problems in fixing: wrong nucleotide (misplaced base) |
| methylated cytosine | - cause: mutation not detected and cytosine turns to thymine - how repaired: enzymes - problems in fixing: cannot be repaired always; enzyme does not know which base is correct |
| RNA polymerase (in transcription) | enzyme attaches to strand that will be copied and makes a single strand of RNA in a 5'-->3' direction (promoter=attachment site, termination sequence of bases releases enzyme) |
| SnRP (transcription) | splices pre-mRNA to take out introns and leave the exons which are "expressed" (mRNA is formed) |
| cap/tail (transcription) | mRNA (before it leaves the nucleus) is capped with guanosine triphosphate at 5' end and a poly-A tail in added to the 3' end |
| transcription | the synthesis of an RNA strand that is a complementary copy of the base sequences in a region of DNA (in the nucleus) |
| translation | production of proteins according to the sequence of codons on the mRNA (in the cytoplasm once mRNA attaches to a ribosome) |
| codon | a sequence of 3 nucleotides; represents a specific amino acid |
| initiation (translation) | 1. mRNA attaches AUG codon near the 5' end to the small ribosomal subunit on the P-site 2. 1st tRNA carrying methionine enter P-site 3. large ribosomal subunit attaches |
| elongation (translation) | 4. 2nd tRNA w/ appropriate anticodon enters A-site 5. enzyme (peptidyl transferase) breaks bond between 1st tRNA/a.a and transfers a.a onto 2nd a.a 6. repeats until an a.a strand is formed 7. stop codon is reached and a releasing factor protein acts |
| additions/deletions (transcription/translation) | the addition or deletion of a nucleotide in the mRNA strand; causes frameshift mutations (more serious than substitution) |
| base substitution (transcription/translation) | (point mutation) substitution on 3rd base can be harmless but 1st/2nd base is more serious |
| DNA is only located... | inside the nucleus |
| RNA is located in both... | the nucleus/cytoplasm |
| mRNA | carries info necessary to make proteins from nucleus to ribosome |
| tRNA | brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| rRNa | forms PART of a ribosome |
| pre-mRNA | synthesized in the nucleus, then is altered WITHIN the nucleus to form mRNA (only found in eukaryotes) |
| similarities between a prokaryotic/eukaryotic chromosome | - 2 strands of DNA - same chemical composition |
| differences between a prokaryotic/eukaryotic chromosome | - prokaryotes have 1 circular DNA (and no introns) - prokaryotic chromosome is located in the nucleoid - only 1% of DNA in eukaryotes in transcribed |
| similarities between prokaryotic/eukaryotic replication (binary fission for procaryotes) | - after replication each new cell has complete and identical chromosomes - 5'-->3' direction |
| differences between prokaryotic/eukaryotic replication | - replication is only initiated at one site on a prokaryotic chromosome - eukaryotic replication is initiated at many sites because DNA strand are SO MUCH BIGGER |
| thymine pairs w/ _______ | adenine (2 bonds T=A) |
| cytosine paris w/ ______ | guanine (3 bonds) |
| pyrimidines | thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U) (single circle) |
| purines | adenine (A), guanine (G) |
| Watson and Crick | proposed the double helix structure of DNA |
| Griffith | transformation of bacteria by material extracted from heat-killed virulent cells |
| Hershey and Chase | infection of bacteria using radioactively labeled bacteriophage |
| Chargaff | A=T, G=C |
| Franklin | x-ray diffraction studies of DNa |
| Meselson and Stahl | 15N-labeled DNA to obtain evidence in support of the Watson-Crick mechanism of DNA replication |
| backbone of DNA molecule | sugar-phosphate groups |
| forces between the two polynucleotide chains | hydrogen bonds |
| statement that DNA is genetic material is FALSE | each species has equal amounts of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
| what can be removed from a nucleotide without breaking the DNA chain? | nitrogenous base |
| what best describes the replication of DNA? | the hydrogen bonds between the bases are broken and new nucleotides pair with complementary bases on the old strands |
| a mutation that CANNOT be detected by the repair enzyme is... | a cytosine that has been modified to form a thymine |
Created by:
tpolinsky24
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