Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Chapter 5
Energy, chemical reactions, enzymes, chemical transport
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy | the capacity to perform work or rearrange matter |
| Potential energy | stored energy |
| Kinetic energy | the energy of motion (heat, light, muscle contractions) |
| Thermodynamics | the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Energy conservations reduce the order of a system and increase its entropy |
| Entropy | The amount of disorder in a system |
| Disordered form of energy that cannot be used by cells for work | Heat |
| The lost of form of transferred or transformed energy is known as.... | Heat |
| Only ____ of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next | 10% |
| Trophic level | the position an organism occupies in a food web or chain |
| Ecological Niche | The role a species has in its environment |
| Herbivore | feeds exclusively on plants |
| Carnivore | feeds exclusively on animals |
| Omnivore | feeds on both plants and animals |
| Detritivore | Feeds on dead organisms (scavengers) |
| Decomposer | Feeds on organic material in dead organisms and enrich soil with nutrients |
| Endergonic reactions | Absorbs energy from the surroundings and yields products that are rich in potential energy |
| Endothermic reaction | Type of endergonic reaction that that absorbs heat energy from the surroundings |
| Exergonic reactions | releases energy to the environment and yield low energy products |
| Exothermic reaction | type of exergonic reaction that releases heat energy into the environment |
| ATP stands for | adenosine triphosphate |
| ATP | chemical that stores a small amount of energy, used in nearly all forms of cellular work |
| Chemical work | producing product molecules |
| Mechanical work | cellular movement |
| Transport work | moving molecules in and out of cells |
| ATP contains | adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates |
| The potential energy stored in glucose turns ____ back into _____ | ADP, ATP |
| Activation energy | the amount of energy reactants must absorb for a chemical reaction to start |
| Enzyme | protein molecule that lowers the amount of EA energy required for a chemical reaction to start, also known as catalysts |
| Substrate | a specific reactant on an enzyme works on |
| Active site | region on an enzyme where the substrates fit |
| Induced fit | enzyme embraces the substrate making it easier to react |
| Salivary Amylase | hydrolyzes starch into simple sugars in the saliva |
| Pepsin | hydrolyzes peptide bonds found in proteins and located in the stomach |
| Arginase | helps convert the body's ammonia waste in the kidneys |
| Enzyme inhibitors | molecules that bind with an enzyme and decrease their activity |
| Competitive inhibitors | resembles an enzyme's normal substrate and competes for the active site of an enzyme |
| noncompetitive inhibitors | never enters the active site and binds elsewhere on an enzyme as a means to change its shape |
| Feedback Inhibition | when products act as inhibitors of the enzyme that catalyze the reactions that created them in the first place |
| Positive feedback inhibition | certain stimulus causes the levels of a substance to rise in the body or cell |
| Negative feedback inhibition | the abundance of a substance that causes a decrease in the substance |
| Cell membrane | forms a boundary between the living cell and its surroundings and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell |
| Selectively permeable | allows some substances to cross easier than others |
| Permeable | substances include small, uncharged molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Non permeable | substances include large or charged molecules such as ions, water, and many macromolecules |
| polar head | hydrophilic |
| nonpolar tails | hydrophobic |
| Peripheral proteins | found on the membrane surface |
| Integral proteins | embedded completely through the membrane |
| Glycoproteins | made of a peripheral protein and a carbohydrate chain |
| Glycolipids | made of a phospholipid and and a carbohydrate chain |
| Cholesterol | embedded in the membrane to keep it flexible and together |
| Receptor proteins | receive chemical signals from other cells |
| Passive transport | movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of ATP energy |
| Diffusion | the movement of molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration |
| Facilitated diffusion | movement of molecules down a concentration gradient with the use of a protein |
| Carrier proteins | bind to molecules and change their shape to allow them to cross through the membrane |
| Protein channel | a tunnel-like protein that allows larger and/charged molecules to cross |
| Osmosis | The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Solute | molecules dissolved in water |
| Isotonic environment | A solution that has the same solute concentration as the inside of the cell (Cell gains water at the same time it loses it) |
| Hypotonic environment | A solution that has less solute concentration than the inside of the cell (cell gains too much water and may burst) |
| Hypertonic environment | A solution that has a higher solute concentration than the inside of the cell (cell loses water and shrivels up) |
| Osmosis in plant cells | water builds up in cells creating turgor pressure which allows non-woody plants to stand up straight and not wilt |
| Osmoregulation | Preventing excessive loss or uptake of water |
| Active transport | movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the use of ATP energy |
| Membrane pumps | proteins embedded in the cell membrane that use ATP energy to pump molecules against their concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | to take in many molecules at once or bulky molecules through infolding in the cell membrane which requires ATP |
| Phagocytosis | the bulk transport of solid materials into the cell |
| Pinocytosis | the bulk transport of liquid materials into the cell |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | receptor proteins on the cell membrane allow specific molecules to be taken in |
| Exocytosis | to release molecules in bulk by allowing vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and then open up to the outside which requires ATP |
Created by:
emmie_studies
Popular Biology sets