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BIOL 1720 Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Virus | consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat |
| Virion | extracellular virus; incapable of reproducing |
| Capsid | the protein shell that encloses the viral genome |
| Capsomeres | Subunits of capsids |
| Viral envelopes | (derived from membranes of host cells) surround the capsids of influenza viruses and many other viruses found in animals |
| Bacteriophages | also called phages, are viruses that infect bacteria |
| Lytic Cycle | 1. Phage infects cell 2. Phage circularizes the inside of the cell but stays separate from the DNA 3. The phage replicated 4. The cell lyses, releasing the phage |
| Lysogenic Cycle | 1. Phage infects cell 2.The phage DNA becomes incorporated into host genome 3. The cell divides and the DNA is passed on daughter cells 4. Under stressful conditions, the DNA is excised from the bacterial chromosome and enters the lytic cycle (to 3.) |
| Replication cycle of Animal Viruses | To replicate, animal viruses divert the host cell's metabolism into synthesizing viral building blocks, which then self-assemble into new virus particles that are released into the environment. |
| Classification of Animal Virsuses | 1. An RNA or DNA genome, either single-stranded or double- stranded 2. The presence or absence of a membranous envelope |
| Infectious particle | viroid: an infectious particle smaller than any of the known viruses, an agent of certain plant diseases. The particle consists only of an extremely small circular RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule, lacking the protein coat of a virus. |
| Glycoproteins | any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain. Also called glycopeptide. |
| Helical capsid | a spiral shape that curves cylindrically around an axis. Most viruses are this shape. |
| Icosahedral | an icosahedron is a geometric shape with 20 sides, each composed of an equilateral triangle, and icosahedral viruses increase the number of structural units in each face to expand capsid size |
| Host Range | host range describes the breadth of organisms a parasite is capable of infecting, with limits on host range stemming from parasite, host, or environmental characteristics. |
| Self-assembly | Virus self-assembly is an orchestrated process, in which the formation of the protective protein shell (the capsid) and the encapsidation of the viral genome can occur concomitantly. |
| Lysis | the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane. |
| Virulent phage | A bacteriophage that causes the destruction of the host bacterium by lysis |
| Temperate phage | A bacteriophage that rarely cause lysis |
| Prophage | an intracellular form of a bacteriophage in which it is harmless to the host, is usually integrated into the hereditary material of the host, and reproduces when the host does. |
| Retroviruses | A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. |
| Reverse transcriptase | A reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. |
| Motility | cellular motility is the spontaneous movement of a cell from one location to another by consumption of energy |
| Genetic variety in prokaryotes | mutation, rapid reproduction, and genetic recombination |
| Transformation | Type of genetic recombination in which a bacterium takes in DNA found in the environment |
| Transduction | Type of genetic recombination in which bacteriophages inject their own genetic material which can be inserted in the genetic material of the bacterium or move pieces of DNA from one bacterium to another |
| Conjugation | Type of genetic recombination in which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another using a sex pilus |
| Prokaryote | a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria. |
| Peptidoglycan | a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides. |
| Outer membrane | It acts as a permeability barrier to solutes; it hinders the entry of some antibiotics and protects the cell wall peptidoglycan from lysozyme, which can degrade peptidoglycan, leading to cell lysis. |
| Gram-positive | Have simpler cell walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan |
| Gram-negative | Have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane |
| Capsule | Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer covering protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients. |
| Fimbriae | Allows some prokaryotes to stick to surfaces or to other prokaryotic cells |
| Endospore | allows the bacterium to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell's genetic material in times of extreme stress. |
| Sex pili | allow for the exchange of genes via the formation of "mating pairs |
| Taxis | a behavioral response of a cell or an organism to an external stimulus |
| Chemotaxis | the migration of cells toward attractant chemicals or away from repellent |
| Nucleoid | an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material |
| Plasmid | a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA |
| Genetic recombination | the rearrangement of DNA sequences by the breakage and rejoining of chromosomes or chromosome segments |
| Halophiles | an organism, especially a microorganism, that grows in or can tolerate saline conditions |
| Extremophiles | a microorganism, especially an archaean, that lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration (lives and can survive in extreme environments) |
| Methanogens | archaea bacteria that produce methane as a metabolic by-product |
| Decomposer | organism that breaks down dead organic material |
| Symbiosis | the interaction between two dissimilar organisms living in close physical association |
| Parasitism | +/- type of interaction in which the one organism derives its nourishment from a host |
| Pathogen | an organism causing disease to its host |
| Thermophiles | those organisms which grow above 40 °C, and which have optimal growth temperatures between 50 and 55 °C |
| Types of Protists | animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like |
| Diversity of Protists | about 200,000 species |
| Endosymbiosis | relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism (the host) |
| Protist | any member of a group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms. they are very diverse. |
| Mixotroph | combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
| Endosymbiosis | one cell engulfs another cell and the engulfed cell survives and both cells benefit, coevolving over time |
| Primary endosymbiosis | the process which involves the engulfment of a prokaryote by another living cell |
| Secondary endosymbiosis | occurs when a eukaryotic cell engulfs a cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis |
| Brown algae | the chloroplasts from brown algae are derived from secondary endosymbiosis |
| Red algae | the chloroplasts from red algae are derived from primary endosymbiosis |
| Green algae | the chloroplasts from green are derived from primary endosymbiosis |
| Ecology of fungi | fungi interact with other organisms as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens |
| Nutrition of fungi | saprotrophic Fungi - Fungi obtain food from dead and decayed materials. parasitic Fungi - Get feed from living organisms and destroy them. symbiotic Fungi - Grow in a living Organism and get mutually benefited. |
| Structure of fungi | fungi consist of long thread-like structures known as hyphae. These hyphae together form a mesh-like structure called mycelium. Fungi possess a cell wall which is made up of chitin and polysaccharides. |
| Sexual life cycle of fungi | sexual reproduction in the fungi consists of three sequential stages: plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis. |
| Asexual life cycle of fungi | fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores. |
| Role of fungi in ecosystems, ecological interactions and human welfare | Fungi are efficient decomposers of organic material including cellulose and lignin Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals |
| Yeast | yeasts are fungi that exist as single cells |
| Mycelium | part that infiltrates the material the fungus feed on (vegetative structure) |
| Haustoria | penetrates the tissues of a host and absorbs nutrients and water. |
| Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | facilitate host plants to grow vigorously under stressful conditions by mediating a series of complex communication events between the plant and the fungus leading to enhanced photosynthetic rate and other gas exchange-related traits |
| Heterokaryon | a cell (as in the mycelium of a fungus) that contains two or more genetically unlike nuclei. |
| Lichen | symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism such as a cyanobacterium or algae |
| Hyphae | absorb nutrients from the environment and transport them to other parts of the thallus (fungus body) |
| Septa | the hyphae of most fungi are divided into cells by internal walls |
| Mycorrhizae | a symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi |
| pheromones | chemicals produced by one partner to elicit a sexual response in the other. |
| Karyogamy | nuclear fusion and production of diploid zygote |
| Chitin | strong flexible polysaccharide that forms the cell walls of Fungi |
| Coenocytic fungi | lack septa and has a continuous cytoplasmic mass with many nuclei |
| Ectomycorrhizal fungi | symbionts with most temperate and boreal forest trees, providing their hosts with soil nutrients and water in exchange for plant carbon |
| Plasmogamy | the fusion of two protoplasts (the contents of the two cells), brings together two compatible haploid nuclei |
| Mold | a conspicuous mass of mycelium (masses of vegetative filaments, or hyphae) and fruiting structures produced by various fungi |
| Climate | the long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area constitute |
| Macroclimate | consists of patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level |
| Microclimate | consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log |
| Seasonality | seasonal variations of light and temperature increase steadily toward the poles. Seasonality at high latitudes is caused by the tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun |
| Bodies of Water | oceans, their currents, and large lakes moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments |
| Mountains | mountains affect the amount of sunlight reaching an area In the Northern Hemisphere, south-facing slopes receive more sunlight than north-facing slopes |
| Global Climate Change | changes in Earth’s climate can profoundly affect the biosphere. As climate changes, species that have difficulty dispersing may have smaller ranges or could become extinct. Others may exhibit large distribution shifts. |
| Biomes | major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes) |
| Climograph | plots the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a region |
| Disturbance | is an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community |
| Photic zone | has sufficient light for photosynthesis |
| Aphotic zone | receives little light |
| Pelagic zone | The photic and aphotic zones |
| Abyssal zone | deep in the aphotic zone with a depth of 2,000 to 6,000 m |
| Benthic zone | the lowest ecological zone in a water body, and usually involves the sediments at the seafloor. |
| Benthos | the assemblage of organisms inhabiting the seafloor |
| Littoral zone | the grassy, reedy, marshy perimeter along the banks of our waterways. |
| Detritus | matter composed of leaves and other plant parts, animal remains, waste products, and other organic debris that falls onto the soil or into bodies of water from surrounding terrestrial communities |
| Thermocline | the transition layer between the warmer mixed water at the surface and the cooler deep water below |
| Turnover | circulation of water in many temperate lakes due to changes in water temperature and water density |
| Permafrost | Layer of soil that is permanently frozen |
| Oligotrophic | lakes that have low primary productivity due to nutrient deficiency. |
| Eutrophic | rich in organic and mineral nutrients and supporting an abundant plant life, which in the process of decaying depletes the oxygen supply for animal life |
| Windward | upwind," or the direction from which the wind is blowing |
| Leeward | faces away from the wind, sheltered from prevailing winds by hills and mountains |
| Rain shadow | a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills. |
| Tropical rain forest | hot, moist biome where it rains all year long |
| Desert | devoid of any rainfall or precipitation |
| Savanna | characterized by grasses and small or dispersed trees, along with a diverse community of organisms that interact to form a complex food web. |
| Chaparral | a biological community of plants and animals that exists in the five areas of the world with a Mediterranean climate |
| Temperate grasslands | which are regions dominated by grass species but containing other non-woody plants and, in the case of savannahs, some trees as well |
| northern coniferous forest or taiga or boreal forest | northernmost and coldest forest on earth, dominated by species of evergreen conifers spruce, fir and pine, the deciduous conifer larch, and species of birch and aspen. |
| Tundra | treeless regions found in the Arctic and on the tops of mountains, where the climate is cold and windy, and rainfall is scant |
| Temperate broadleaf forest | composed primarily of deciduous trees, which shed their leaves each fall and grow a new complement each spring |
| Assemblage | association of populations of a specific taxonomic group (e.g. fishes) in an area |
| Competition | -/- type of interaction and occurs when resources are limited |
| Aposematic coloration | type of defense mechanism found in prey that present body with bright warning coloration |
| Fundamental niche | post-interactive niche |
| Realized niche | pre-interactive niche |
| Mutualism | interaction in which both species benefit |
| Facilitation | One species modifies the environment in a way that allows for other species to colonize and persist |
| Crypsis | type of defense mechanism found in prey with body colorations and/or shapes that enable then to blend into their environment |
| Semelparity | reproductive strategy in which organisms have a single reproductive opportunity before death |
| Iteroparity | reproductive strategy in which organisms have multiple reproductive opportunities before death |
| Population | group of individuals of the same species or that share the same gene pool living in an area |
| Ecosystem | association of populations of different species in an area and the physical factors they interact |
| Community | association of populations of different species in an area |
| Exponential growth model | r = b - d and r is constant, Density-independent, Characteristic of populations that have access to abundant resources, dN/dt = r N, J-shaped growth |
| Logistic growth model | S-shaped growth, dN/dt = r N (1 – N/K), Density-dependent model, Carrying capacity (K) is included in this model, Population growth rate decreases as population size (N) increases and approaches K |
| Clumped | dispersion pattern in which individuals are aggregated in patches |
| Random | aggregated |
| Uniform | with a roughly equal spacing of individuals |
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