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Geo ch.10
Development
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| development | the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
| developed country | has progressed further along the development continuum |
| developing country | : has made some progress toward development, though less than the developed countries – UN divides them into high, medium, and low developing |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | measures the level of development for a country through a combination of three factors: a decent standard of living, a long and healthy life, and access to knowledge |
| Gross National Income (GNI) | the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country |
| Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) | an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | also the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year – does not account for money that leaves and enters the country |
| primary sector | includes activities that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry |
| secondary sector | includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products as well as industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods |
| tertiary sector | involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment, such as retailing, banking, law, education, and government |
| productivity | the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it |
| pupil/teacher ratio | the number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers – fewer pupils, more likely each student will receive effective instruction |
| literacy rate | the percentage of a country’s people who can read and write |
| Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) | modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country |
| Immanuel Wallerstein | a U.S. social scientist, describes the relationship between developed and developing countries as one of “core” and “periphery” |
| world-systems theory | in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations |
| semi-periphery countries | intermediate in level of economic development or situated close to both core and periphery regions |
| gender inequality index | measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market |
| gender development index | measures the gender gap in the level of achievement for the three dimensions of the Human Development Index: income, education, and life expectancy |
| empowerment | the ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status–that is, to achieve economic and political power |
| female labor force participation rate | the percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home |
| adolescent fertility rate | the number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19 |
| 2 fundamental obstacles to development | Adopting policies that successfully promote and sustain development and finding funds to pay for development |
| self-sufficiency path | Countries encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership of businesses and resources, and protect their businesses from international competition |
| key elements of self-sufficiency | import limits, insulation, equal investment, equal income |
| international trade path | Countries open themselves to foreign investment and international markets |
| W.W. Rostow | proposed a 5-stage development model in the 1950s: Rostow's international trade model |
| traditional society | not yet started development, high % in agriculture, high % of wealth allocated to "unproductive" activities such as military and religion |
| preconditions for takeoff | elite group initiates economic activities, country invests in new technology and infrastructure, support from international funding |
| takeoff | rapid growth from limited number of economic activities such as textiles or food products, these industries become productive while other sectors of the economy are still traditional |
| drive to maturity | modern technology diffuses to a wide variety of industries which then experience rapid economic growth, workers become more skilled and specialized |
| age of mass consumption | economy shifts from heavy industry to consumer goods |
Created by:
imr36093
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