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Body Struc
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two cells of the nervous system | Neurons and Neuroglia |
| What are the activities of the CNS | Communication, Control and Regulation |
| What is the basic structural and functional cell of the Nervous System | Neurons |
| What are the three parts of the Neuron | The Cell Body, Axon and Dendrites |
| Which part of the nerve is the Afferent or Sensory part | Dendrites |
| Which part of the nerve is the Efferent or Motor | Axon |
| When myelinated the impulse ______ from node to node | jumps |
| When unmyelinated the impulse must go through each entire __________ to get to the end | Axon |
| Sensory or motor, which one carries impulses to the CNS | Sensory |
| Sensory or motor, which one carries impulses away from the CNS | Motor |
| Which receptor involves touch, skin, pain, and heat | exteroceptor |
| Which receptor involves balance, position and movement | proprioceptor |
| Which receptor involves the internal organs | interoceptor |
| The motor neuron is | efferent |
| The sensory neuron is | afferent |
| What neuron is located solely and exclusively in the central nervous system | inter-neurons |
| Which neurons analyze data and send response messages to the motor neurons | inter-neurons |
| What cells provide support, protection and nutrition for neurons | glial cells |
| What cell is considered to be the “glue” of the nervous system | neuroglia cells |
| Which type of nerve cell can reproduce | neuroglia can reproduce |
| How do the impulses move across the Axons | like a wave |
| What is the point where the axon of one neuron connects to a dendrite of another | synapse |
| The vast majority of synapse’s in the human brain are | chemical synapse |
| Which are slower, the chemical or electrical synapse | the chemical synapse are the slower |
| When two nerve cells touch and are connected by tiny holes that let the nerve impulses pass directly from one neuron to the next | electrical synapse |
| When two nerve cells do not touch and the nerve impulse needs particular molecules to bridge the gap between them | chemical synapse |
| Which synapse is slower than the other but far more flexible | chemical |
| Which potential is when the ions spread like an electric current along the membrane | Action potential |
| Which potential is inactive or polarized neuron | resting potential |
| When in resting potential inside the cell is ___ and the outside of the cell is ___ | positive/negative |
| When in action potential the balance changes because ____ rushes into the cell by an opened gate | Na+ or Sodium |
| What are the steps in Action Potential | Resting – depolarizing – reverse polarization – repolarization |
| What is a physical chemical or electrical event that alters the neuron cell membrane | a stimulus or nerve impulse |
| The nervous system consists of | The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System |
| The peripheral nervous system breaks down into | The somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
| The Autonomic Nervous System breaks down into | The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems |
| The Central Nervous System consists of | Brain, Spinal Cord and Accessory Structures of the CNS |
| The brain is broken down into what three parts | Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem |
| Which is the largest part of the brain and helps you talk, hear, feel, see, smell and taste | The cerebrum |
| Can the cerebrum be easily injured | yes because of its location |
| What is the outer portion of the cerebrum that is divided into lobes and is made of soft gray matter | the cerebral cortex |
| The cerebral cortex lobes are the | frontal, Parietal, Temporal and occipital |
| Myelinated fibers are what color | white |
| Unmyelinated fibers are what color | Gray |
| The folds of the cerebral cortex are called | convulations |
| The crevices between the folds are called | fissures or sulci |
| Which lobe is for higher mental process, verbal communication and voluntary muscle control | Frontal Lobe |
| Which lobe is for skin, taste and muscle sensation, speech center and interpreting shapes and texture | Parietal lobe |
| Which lobe is the sense of smell, stores auditory and visual experiences and forms thoughts | Temporal lobe |
| Which lobe is the location for eye movement and integrates visual experiences | Occipital |
| What is the insulation that covers the nerve fibers | the myelin |
| How many hemispheres is the brain divided into | Two |
| The right hemisphere controls which side of the body | The left |
| The left hemisphere controls which side of the body | The right |
| What is the crossing of the nerve fibers from one side of the CNS to the other within the Medulla | Decussation |
| What is the largest connective pathway (network of nerve fibers) in a human brain (that connects the two sides of the brain) | The Corpus Callosum |
| The thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus make up the | diencephalon |
| The diencephalon is located in the inner brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the | midbrain |
| The brain region that serves as a switching center for sensory signals passing from the brain stem to other brain regions | Thalamus |
| The thalamus is a pair and it makes up most of which part of the brain | it makes up the diencephalon |
| Which gland is the center for temp regulation, hunger, peristalsis, thirst and regulates the release of hormones from pituitary | The hypothalamus |
| What system consists of scattered but interconnected regions of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon | Limbic System |
| The limbic system is involved in our | emotional brain related to survival |
| What part of the brain is involved in coordination and voluntary motor movement, balance, equilibrium and muscle tone | The cerebellum |
| The cerebellum is made of white matter and is covered by a thin layer of gray matter called | cerebellar cortex |
| What controls the body functions we don’t think about like BP, swallowing, breathing and heartbeat | The Brain Stem |
| What are the three parts of the brain stem | Midbrain, Pons and Medulla |
| What is the thin long tubular bundle of nerves that is an extension of the CNS from the brain and is enclosed and protected by the vertebral column | the spinal cord |
| The main function of the spinal cord is the transmission of neural inputs between the peripheral and the | Brain |
| What are the Accessory structures of the CNS | Meninges, Cerebral Spinal Fluid, and Ventricles |
| The membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord are the | Meninge’s |
| The structures of the meninge’s are (in order from skull) as follows | Dura Mater, Arachnoid W/Arachnoid Fluid, pia Mater |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid is produced in the | Choroid Plexus |
| What is the clear, colorless fluid that circulates throughout the CNS and protects the brain and spinal cord | The Cerebral Spinal Fluid |
| What does the CFS (Cerebral Spinal Fluid) do | Shock absorber, carries nutrients to the brain and waste away from it, Keeps the organs moist, Used to give meds and test for some disorders |
| What is a series of interconnected fluid filled cavities found within the brain | Ventricles |
| Which nervous system is outside the CNS, and consists mainly of nerves that go from brain and spinal cord to areas of the rest of the body | The Peripheral Nervous System |
| The Peripheral NS consists of which two systems | Somatic and Autonomic NS |
| Which system controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles | The Somatic |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there | 12 |
| How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there | 31 |
| The somatic NS is made up of two nerve groups, they are | Cranial and Spinal |
| All spinal nerves are mixed or | Inter-neurons |
| Which Nervous System controls the involuntary reflex movements | The Autonomic Nervous System |
| What two NS’s make up the Autonomic NS | The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS |
| Which NS is always active on the basal level and becomes more active in times of stress | The sympathetic NS |
| Which NS returns the body to homeostasis once the stress goes back down to working levels | The parasympathetic NS |
| What carries the blood away from the heart to the body | Arteries |
| What forms the connection between arteries and veins and exchanges materials with surrounding tissue | Capillaries |
| Red blood has | Plenty of Oxygen |
| Blue blood has | no oxygen |
| What is the only artery that carries unoxygenated blood | pulmonary artery |
| Oxygenated blood is carried by | Arteries |
| Unoxygenated blood is carried by | Veins |
| Which vein is the only vein to carry oxygenated blood | Pulmonary vein |
| The artery wall consists of what three layers | Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa |
| What is the movement of blood through the vessels from the arteries through the capillaries and then into the veins called | Blood Flow |
| How does blood flow | From high pressure to low pressure |
| What is greatest in the aorta and decreases through the smaller vessels, aka speed of blood | velocity |
| What is the alternating expansion and recoil of an artery in response to the surge of blood ejected from the L Ventricle during contraction | Pulse |
| When can you palpate an artery near the surface of the body | When it passes over something firm like a bone |
| Blood flow through the heart goes in what direction | right to left |
| The largest Artery in the body is the | Aorta |
| The aorta is divided in four anatomical sections they are | Ascending aorta, Aortic arch, descending aorta and thoracic aorta |
| What color would the blood be that goes into the right atrium | Blue |
| What is the pathway through the heart | O2 poor blood enters in the Right atrium – tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary trunk-L/R pulmonary arteries-lungs-alveoli-becomes O2 rich-pulmonary vein-left atrium-mitral valve-left ventricle-aortic valve-body |
| Where does gas exchange take place | capillaries |
| What are the three major layers of the heart wall | endocardium, myocardium and epicardium |
| The layer of the heart wall that is a membrane lining the heart’s interior wall is | the Endocardium |
| The layer of the heart wall that is strong and muscular and in the middle of the three is | Myocardium |
| The layer of the heart wall that is the thin outer layer also called the visceral layer or serous pericardium is | The epicardium |
| A sac that surrounds and protects the heart is called | pericardium (pericardial sac) |
| The pericardial sac is made up of what three layers | Epicardium, parietal layer and fibrous pericardium |
| What contains the pericardial fluid | The pericardial space or cavity |
| Which chamber of the heart is the strongest and why | The Left Ventricle is strongest because of the larger muscle (myocardium) around it |
| What is a strong, muscular pump about the size of a doubled up fist | The heart |
| What is the inferior (lower) point of the heart, formed by the tip of the Left Ventricle, where the apical pulse is counted called | The Apex |
| What is the wide superior (top) margin of the heart that lies opposite of the apex and is formed mostly by the left ventricle | The Base |
| What is the complete muscular wall that divides the heart into right and left sides so that they will remain separate | The septum |
| What are the two upper chambers of the heart called | The atria |
| What are the two bottom chambers of the heart called | The Ventricles |
| Which chamber does the no pumping | The two atria chambers |
| Why does the left ventricle have thicker muscle walls | It must contract with sufficient force to send blood to the entire body |
| What are the Atrioventricular Valves (AV) | Tricuspid Valve-between the right chambers, Mitral valve – between left chambers |
| What are the semilunar valves | Pulmonic valve-on the right side of the heart and the Aortic valve – on the left side of the heart |
| What are the two blood vessels that do not do what they are supposed to do | The Pulmonary vein and artery |
| What is the opening in the heart that returns blood to the right atrium | The coronary sinus |
| What is the path of the blood vessels starting from leaving the heart | Arteries-arterioles- capillaries-venules-veins |
| What vessels are known as the “résistance vessels” | Arteries and Arterioles |
| What is the blood flow through the capillaries called | Microcirculation |
| Which two large veins return blood to the right atrium | The Superior Vena Cava (into the top of RA) and the Inferior Vena Cava (into the bottom of the RA) |
| What color is the Venous Blood | Dark Red |
| What is considered the hearts pacemaker because it causes the fails to fire the impulse that causes contractions in the Right Atrial | Sinoatrial node (SA Node) |
| Where is the AV Node located | In the Right Atrium close to the Left ventricle |
| What picks up messages and keeps the messages until the atria have contracted and emptied blood into the ventricles | the Atrioventicular Node (AV Node) |
| What is the path of the conduction system of the heart | AS Node-AV Node-Bundle of His (AV Bundle)-R and L bundle branches-Purkinje fibers to muscles of ventricles |
| Both atria contract and ventricle relax within how long | 1 second |
| Both atria contract and both ventricle relax, followed immediately by both ventricle contract and both atria relax, this is considered | one cardiac cycle |
| The contraction that pumps the blood from the heart is called the | Systole |
| The period when the heart relaxes is the | Diastole |
| What is the first normal heart sound considered that is produced by closure of the AV valves that occurs at the beginning of systole | S1 or Lub |
| What is the Second heart sound that is produced by the closure of the Semilunar valves when the ventricles relax called | the S2 or DUB |
| What is the rhythmic expansion of arterial walls | The pulse |
| Where can the pulse be felt | Close to the surface of the skin |
| What is the amount of blood that the ventricles pump out in 1 minute | Cardiac Output (CO) |
| What is the volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat called | Stroke Volume (SV) |
| Increases in the SV of HR will result in the Cardiac Output to | increase |
| What can result in decreased blood supply to the body and therefore decreased oxygen and nutrients to the cells | Low cardiac output |
| What is the amount of pressure against the ventricular wall at end-diastole | preload |
| What law states that “The greater the stretch, the greater the following force of contraction, the greater the contraction the more volume ejected, resulting in increased SV” | Starling’s Law |
| How would you calculate the Cardiac Output | SV * HR |
| What is the amount of pressure or resistance the ventricles must overcome to empty their contents | The Afterload |
| What is the difference between the Systole and Diastole called | Pulse Pressure |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid is High in | Glucose |
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