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Biology Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 kingdoms of life | Plants Animals Protists Fungi Archae bacteria |
| Prokaryotes/ Eukaryotes | PRO - No nuclei - unicellular - Binary fission - not in humans - circular DNA structure - Lack organelles EUK - Has organelles - true nuclei - found in humans - uni/multicellular - mitosis/meiosis - Linear DNA structure |
| Why are Eukaryotic cells bigger then prokaryotic cells? | They carry out more complex metabolic reactions and they have a lot more in them , |
| Why are cells small? | Cells are small because they are easier to replace. They need to be small to be able to preform the tasks a cell needs to do. |
| SA:V | Face A - length x Width Face B - Length x Height Face C - Width x Height Multiply the area of each fce by 2 and add them together |
| Cells to systems | Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism |
| Protein production | mRNA tRNA rRNA |
| What is an enzyme | Are protein that help speed up metabolism or the chemical reaction in out bodies |
| Mitochondria | Find more of them near the heart cells as they help with energy. More energy required the more mitochondria one can have |
| Photosynthesis and cellular respiration | glucose + oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water + energy Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen |
| endosymbiotic theory | The endosymbiotic theory holds that organelles within the cells of eukaryotes such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, had descended from independent bacteria that came to live symbiotically within other cells |
| Semi - permeable | allows certain substances to pass through it but not others, especially allowing the passage of a solvent but not of certain solutes |
| Fluid - mosaic | A tapestry of several types of molecules that are constantly moving |
| Amphiphilic | Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components |
| intracellular | Is fluid that is within the cell |
| extracellular | Is fluid that is outside the cell |
| Role of cholesterol | It modulates the bilayer structure and changes the fluidity, thickness and compressibility |
| Passive transport | Movement of molecules throughout a semi-permeable membrane and down the concentration gradient without energy |
| Active transport | Movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane, does require energy |
| Diffusion | Passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low. ( Goes down the concentration gradient |
| Osmosis | Passive transport of a solvent (water) through semi-permeable from a region of a low solute to high solute |
| Facilitated diffusion | Passive. When molecules move through a phospholipid bilayer with aid of membrane protein |
| Bulk transport | Active transport. Transports large quantities of materials and food particles across the membrane |
| Endocytosis | Taking in of matter by a living cell |
| Exocytosis | Molecules are transported out of the cell |
| Hypotonic | Is a solution with a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution |
| Hypertonic | Is a solution with higher solute concentration compared to another solution |
| Isotonic | A solution with the same solute concentration to another solution |
| Lysis | When a cell is ruptured by the cell wall or membrane |
| Crenation | Describes an objects shape |
| turgid | Plant cell that are swollen and firm from water take |
| plasmolysed | PLant cells with weak and sagging plasma membrane from water lose |
| channel protein | Selectively enable transport of larger polar molecules |
| carrier protein | membrane based protein that undergoes conformational change to transport molecules across a membrane |
| Cell Cycle | is a series of event that take place in a cell as it grows and divides |
| Binary fission | Is in a prokaryotic cell. First the DNA replicates and the cell grows to twice its normal size. Then the duplicate strands of DNA move to opposite sides of the cell. Next, the cell wall "pinches" off in the middle forming two separate cells. |
| G1 phase | Cell grows - increasing the volume of cytosol - synthesising protein for DNA replication - Replicating organelles |
| G0 phase | cells that arent required to replicated either quiescent or terminally differentiated |
| S phase | cell replicated DNA turing one chromosome into two genetically identical sister chromatids |
| G2 phase | final stage of interphase - increasing volume of the cytosol - synthesising protein preparation for mitosis |
| Prophase | Condensation of chromatids around histone into distinct chromosome. Centrioles migrate to other side of cell, spindle fibres form. Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears |
| Metaphase | Spindle fibres fully form and attach to the centromeres of chromosome. Spindle fibres guide chromosome towards the middle of the cell |
| anaphase | Spidle fibre contract, splitting the centromeres and pulling sister chromatids to opposite end of cell |
| telophase | chromosome densely packed together at either end of the cell, new nuclear membrane form, producing two genetically identical nuclei, spindle fibre, disintegrate and chromosome decondenses |
| Cytokinesis | Cytoplasm divides and the organelles evenly distribute themselves before separating |
| budding | new organism develops from a bud of an exiting organism |
| vegetation | new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or grows from a specialized reproductive structure |
| spore formation | spores are dispersed into the air, when they germinate and create a new plant under favourable condition |
| Advantages/ disadvantages of asexual reproduction | ADVANTAGES - population grows faster - identical clone - no partner needed DISADVANGTES - genetic diversity is low |
| Cloning | is a technique use to make exact genetic copies of living things |
| agriculture | allows farmers to upgrade the overall equality of their hands by providing more copies of animals |
| horticultural | plant cloning |
| Issue with cloning | defects in vital organs, technology isn't developed enough to be safe |
| Crossing over | is the exchanging of genetic material from one homologous to the other, this is done during prophase 1 |
| independent assortment | random orientation of homologous chromosomes along the metaphase plate, this happens during metaphase 1 |
| MEIOSIS | INTERPHASE 1 PROPHASE 1 METAPHASE 1 ANAPHASE 1 TELOPHASE 1 PROPHASE 2 METAPHASE 2 ANAPHASE 2 TELOPHASE 2 CYTOKINESIS |
| Sexual reproduction | is the fusion of two haploid gametes to produce a single diploid zygote compound of two sets of chromosome |
| Advantages and disadvantages | ADVANTAGES - increase of genetic diversity - promotes different alleles DISADVANTAGES - time, energy and recourse of finding a partner - risk of disease - cost of male progeny |
| Totipotent | An isolated cell that is able to produce a fertile adult individual |
| Pluripotent | able to mature or develop in any of several ways |
| multipotent | the potential of becoming any of several mature cell type |
| unipotent | can produce only one cell type but have the property of self- renewal that distinguishes them from non-stem cells |
| Allele | Is an alternate form of a gene |
| complete dominance | only where the dominate allele from the genotype of a heterozygous is expressed in the phenotype of the organism |
| Co - dominance | where both alleles from the genotype of a heterozygous individual are dominance and expressed in the phenotype of that organism |
| incomplete dominance | where neither allele from the genotype of a heterozygous individual is dominant and both are express in a intermediate phenotype |
| Multiple allele | when a gene is existing in more than two allelic forms |
| Mendle's Law | The law of Dominant The law of segregation The law of independent assortment |
| Phenotype | The physicals characteristic of an organism that are the results of gene expression and the environment |
| Genotype | the genetic composition of an organism at one particular gene locus, representing using a letter symbol |
| Monohybrid crosses | a genetic cross for using a single gene to observe the inheritance of alleles and phenotype |
| dihybrid crosses | A genetic cross used to observe the inheritance of alleles and phenotype for two genes |
| Test cross | expressing the dominant phenotype with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive with the dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous |
| linked genes | Genes that are found closer on the same chromosome. They are most likely to be inherited together |
| polygene | a characteristic that are influenced by two or more gene |
| what are pedigree charts | A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the expressed traits over multiple generation |
Created by:
Giselleribbo
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