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Chapter 11

Vocabulary Pt.2

TermDefinition
protein phosphorylation and dephosphoralation widespread mechanism for regulating protein activity
protein kinases transfers phosphate from ATP to protein
Phosphorylation the process of changing phosphate in ATP to protein
signal transduction multi-step process that greatly amplifies a signal
phosphorylation cascade formed when many relay molecules in signal transduction are protein kinases
protein phohotases quickly move phosphates from proteins
dephosphorylation the process in which phosphates are rapidly removed from proteins
second messenger small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion that spreads throughout a cell by diffusion
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) one of the most widely used 2nd messengers, releases large amount of salt in the intestines
Adenylyl cyclase enzyme in the membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to extracellular signals
vibrio cholerae bacterium that produces a toxin that changes g-protein so it is stuck in its active form
output response cell's response to an extracellular signal
signal amplification enzyme cascades amplify cell's response to signal
specificity of cell signaling different cells have different groups of proteins, which allow cells to detect and respond to different signals
signaling efficiency scaffolding proteins and signaling complexes
scaffolding proteins large relay proteins that other relay proteins are attached to
termination of signal inactivation mechanisms of cell signaling
Apoptosis programmed cell death
Created by: akierah.w
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