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Psychology 5-8
Study questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How would choosing to focus learning efforts on mental imagery affect the game of a tennis player? | It would improve the player’s game. |
| In deciding about the risk of walking close to a big dog running loose, the availability heuristic would help to recall ________ a big dog, while the representativeness heuristic would reference ________ a big dog. | a specific interaction with; a stereotype of |
| Which distinguishes an algorithm from a heuristic strategy in problem solving? | The certainty of achieving an accurate decision when correctly utilized |
| A new highway will be built to accommodate increased traffic due to urban sprawl. For which decision should an expert system be chosen over a conventional computer program? | Planning for environmental concerns |
| A child with semantic difficulties has problems with ____, which is an example of | word meanings; content. |
| Do preschool children who grow up speaking two languages early in life get confused by the different languages? | No, a child who is learning about verb tenses in one language can apply the knowledge to the second language. |
| ________ views cultural knowledge and context as most important for measuring the impact of intelligence on success, whereas ________ believes that many different forms of intelligence are of equal significance. | Sternberg; Gardner |
| How did Wechsler further advance Terman’s work on measuring intelligence? | Wechsler created a system for making tests relevant for evaluating adult intelligence. |
| Diane Ackerman wrote, “Because IQ tests favor memory skills and logic, overlooking artistic creativity, insight, resiliency, emotional reserves, sensory gifts, and life experience, they can't really predict success,Whose views on intelligence | Sternberg, who distinguished three types of intelligence |
| Assume IQ tests are administered to the following children in five-year increments. For which child would the results of the tests support the nurture side of the nature–nurture debate? | A Honduran child who was adopted by a wealthy Canadian family |
| Which method of testing seeks to reduce the effects of racial differences on intelligence test results? | Explaining the objective and setup of the portions of an IQ test to test-takers |
| Which of the following describes dynamic assessment? | Students taking a test are taught the goal and format of each part of the test before they are actually tested. |
| People who are trying to figure out how someone feels about them are concerned about the ________ aspect of emotional intelligence. | personal |
| A person high in emotional intelligence would | be able to deal with an angry coworker. |
| The car of a person who drives every day to work broke down, and the repairs are estimated to be very expensive. The commuter wants to save money and protect the environment. Which question asked by the commuter reflects divergent thinking? | “What alternatives do I have to get to work if I don’t fix my car?” |
| Vygotsky’s theory suggests that children can achieve optimal developmental results through | exposure to concepts that are just beyond their current cognitive stage |
| A person who engages in civil disobedience may be thinking at Piaget’s stage of ________ and has probably achieved the ________ level of development according to Kohlber | formal operations; postconventional |
| During which of these prenatal periods is the term “fetus” appropriate? | From two months after conception until birth |
| Which will have the most enduring effect on the timetable of a child’s motor development? | Genetic makeup |
| Marsha is a skilled caregiver. She promotes independence in children by | looking for ways to provide encouragement in new activities. |
| Which of the following is a difference between the learning and the nativist perspectives of language development? | The learning perspective suggests that language is acquired through imitation and reinforcement. |
| Which combination of parenting approach and experience of peers is most likely to result in children who become bullies? | Authoritarian parenting and peer rejection |
| While considering observation and imitation described in social learning theory, gender-schema theory differs from social learning theory by stressing the importance of | cognitive processing that occurs early in childhood. |
| Which is an example of a positive aspect of peer pressure? | A teenager spends more time improving his basketball game after observing his teammates practicing hard. |
| A 55-year-old parent and a 23-year-old child are competing against another pair on a game show. The parent is expected to do better with questions involving ________, while the child is more likely to excel at questions concerning | the meaning of words; memorization of symbols. |
| Which marriage is most likely to succeed? | Both partners have parents who are still married. |
| n terms of cognitive function, older adults typically | are better than young adults at solving practical problems. |
| Angela is a 65-year-old White woman who has worked the past 30 years as a clerk in the city parks and recreation department. She has two children, both of whom are raising families nearby. Her spouse passed away last month. Angela is most likely to | be at greater risk for health problems. |
| Which of the following is not one of Kubler-Ross's five stages pople go through in coming to terms with death? | joy |
| A 22-year-old college student has a summer job lined up in a city she has never been to. She hopes to make friends, adapt to a different culture, find love interest, and then return to school to finish college. Which area will pose the challenge for her? | Committing to a romantic interest |
| Classical conditioning is a learning process in which | a subject associates an existing stimulus with a new stimulus. |
| When a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without an unconditioned stimulus, a subject will | show less response until given a break, and will then respond again. |
| John Watson’s experiment with Little Albert demonstrated his theory of behaviorism by | showing that emotional responses could be conditioned. |
| Robert Rescorla’s experiments showed that for classical conditioning to occur | a conditioned stimulus must reliably predict a reinforcement. Excellent! |
| How did Garcia and Koelling’s work on taste aversion change our understanding of classical conditioning? | They demonstrated that inherent traits can extend pairing intervals. |
| How do positive and negative reinforcement differ? | Positive reinforcement adds a reward, while negative reinforcement removes a punishment. |
| A prisoner shouts abuse at the night guard but behaves perfectly during the day guard’s shift. This is an example of | discriminative stimulation. |
| A positive punishment __________, while a negative reinforcement __________ | introduces an irritant to decrease a behavior; removes something unpleasant to increase a behavior. |
| Learned helplessness can occur when a subject | Learned helplessness can occur when a subject |
| Token economies use operant conditioning to affect human behavior by | providing predictable reinforcements for desirable actions. |
| A solution reached by insight is | easy to transfer to new problems. |
| In which of the following effects does an observer learn a behavior that is similar to that of a model in an unfamiliar situation? | Facilitation |
| Which of the following scenarios demonstrates latent learning? | After years of riding in the back seat, a newly licensed driver navigates to school alone. |
| Why might violent video games encourage less aggressive behavior than violent television shows? | Unlike television shows, video games allow the user to interact directly with peers. |
| How can multitasking affect the quality of online learning? | By splitting attention between educational material and advertisements |
| A key characteristic of short-term memory is that | short-term memory can store a limited amount of information. |
| Juanita attended and took notes in every class, and reviews her notes for the final exam. John, who missed classes, crams the night before the exam. Which types of memory use distinguishes these students? | Juanita relies on strategies that transfer information into long-term memory, whereas John does not. |
| Which of the following techniques would an experienced taxi driver use when trying to find a specific building? | Reconstruction |
| When you are given a list of items to remember, you will probably have little trouble recalling what came at the end of the list. This is known as the _________ effect. | recency |
| A science fiction film space exploration opened in theatersThe plot included a love story and a fight over resources, with dazzling special effects and costumes. Who would be most likely to remember details aboutspacecraft and technology featured in film? | A NASA engineer |
| The top TV news story of the day showed a horrific plane crash in which everyone onboard died. Which statement describes what can be expected of people’s memory of the event three years after it occurs? | People will have a vivid memory of the event, but they will not be able to accurately recall all the details. |
| Which type of memory is most likely to include a mixture of reality and interpretation? | Which type of memory is most likely to include a mixture of reality and interpretation? |
| Which student is avoiding the pitfalls of the curve of forgetting while studying for an exam? | The student who looks over notes twice a day during the week leading up to the test |
| A researcher wants to find out if the age of the participants is a factor in forgetting the name of someone very familiar to the participants. The researcher is concerned with variables that might affect | the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. |
| Why might deep brain stimulation that sends impulses to the hypothalamus help improve the condition of people with Alzheimer’s disease? | It increases activity in the hippocampus. |
| A student who is experiencing ________ would be expected to remember dates and events best while taking a history test. | a moderate level of stress |
| A guitarist knows how to play the lead to all his band’s songs without looking at the notes. This is a form of | implicit memory. |
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