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Ashten Flashcards
All 42 Flashcards for Sector C.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A clastic sedimentary rock composed of grains of sand size set in a matrix of silt or clay and more or less firmly united by a cementing material (commonly silica, iron oxide, or calcium carbonate); the consolidated equivalent of sand. | sandstone |
| Called nature’s glass, glassy smooth volcanic rock. Breaks with a sharp conchoidal fracture. Formed during slow cooling of lava. | Obsidian |
| rock formed by the solidification of molten magma | Igneous rock |
| Any rock formed from preexisting rocks by solid state recrystallization driven by changes in temperature and pressure and by chemical action of fluids. | metamorphic rock |
| A type of rock formed by chemical precipitation or by sedimentation and cementation of mineral grains transported to a site of deposition by water, wind, or ice. | sedimentary rocks |
| The succession of events that results in the transformation of Earth materials from one rock type to another, then another, and so on. | rock cycle |
| Aggregate of minerals that forms an appreciable part of the lithosphere. | rock |
| The mineralogical, chemical, and structural adjustment of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions imposed at depth below the surface zones of weathering and cementation, which differ from the conditions under which the rocks originated. | metamorphism |
| A sedimentary rock made of layers of carbonated sediments (sea life) that thrived in a warm shallow sea. Fossils are often found in this type of rock. | Limestone |
| fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period | coal |
| Fine grained matrix filled with gas bubbles that have been filled in with minerals. Formed during rapid cooling of lava. | basalt |
| a scientist who studies rock and Earth. | geologist |
| Igneous rock that, while it was fluid, penetrated into or between other rocks and solidified. It can later be exposed at Earth's surface after erosion of the overlying rock. | Intrusive Rock |
| A rock formed from a mass of magma that flowed out on the surface of Earth. Example: basalt. | Extrusive Rock |
| Reorganization of elements of the original minerals in a rock resulting from changes in temperature and pressure and from the activity of pore fluids. | Recrystallization |
| A planar feature in metamorphic rocks, produced by the secondary growth of minerals. Three major types are recognized: slaty cleavage, schistosity, and gneissic layering. | Foliation |
| A weathering process by which concentric shells, slabs, sheets, or flakes are successively broken loose and stripped away from a rock mass. | Exfoliation |
| The destructive processes by which rocks are changed on exposure to atmospheric agents at or near the earth's surface, with little or no transport of the loosened or altered material. | Weathering |
| Wearing away of rock or soil by the gradual detachment of soil or rock fragments by water, wind, ice, and other mechanical, chemical, or biological forces. | Erosion |
| occurs when rocks are broken into smaller and smaller pieces. This can occur by the activity of plant roots breaking rocks apart; by freezing and thawing that produces wedges in rocks; by physical banging of hard materials; or by rubbing against the rock | Mechanical Weathering |
| The grinding away at surfaces in a desert by windblown sand and dust. | Wind Abrasion |
| This is a light, porous rock. When volcanoes erupt, lava froths and hardens into rocks that have many holes in it. | Pumice |
| A plutonic rock in which quartz makes up 10 to 50 percent of the felsic components and the alkali feldspar/total feldspar ratio is 65 to 90 percent. Broadly applied, any holocrystalline quartz-bearing plutonic rock. | Granite |
| Silicon dioxide, SiO2. It occurs as crystalline quartz, cryptocrystalline chalcedony, and amorphous opal; dominantly in sand, diatomite, and chert; and combined in silicates as an essential constituent of many minerals. | Silica |
| A naturally occurring inorganic solid having a definite internal structure and a definite chemical composition that varies only within strict limits | Mineral |
| The process by which clasts embedded in the base of a glacier grind away at the substrate as the glacier flows. | Glacial Abrasion |
| rock and soil material removed over time as water moves across the surface | Flowing water Abrasion |
| abraision in which shorelines erode the surface of an object | Shoreline Abrasion |
| Chemical reactions that act on rocks exposed to water and the atmosphere so as to change their unstable mineral components to more stable forms. Oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, and direct solution are the most common reactions. | Chemical Weathering |
| A type of mechanical weathering in which rocks are broken by the expansion of water as it freezes in joints, pores, or bedding planes. | Ice wedging |
| the common name for any member of the group Lichenes, occurring as fungal and algae cells in symbiotic union and growing in various forms of rocks or trees | Lichen |
| Chemical combination of oxygen with another substance | Oxidation |
| the removal of overlying rock which releases pressure on underlying strata causing them to expand and crack. | Pressure release |
| To break up, melt, or to become liquid. | Dissolving |
| the craft of forming shapes, items, gemstones from rocks & minerals | Lapidary |
| a red or brown oxide coating on iron or steel caused by the action of oxygen and moisture | Rust |
| a hard coarse-grained siliceous sandstone | Grit |
| When an organic plant root is grown into and taken over an area. | Plant Wedging |
| the minimal composition of rock. | Rock Composition |
| The average weather conditions, along with the range of conditions, of a region over a year. | Climate |
| Surface area is the measure of how much exposed area a solid object has, expressed in square units | Surface Area |
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