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Bioenergetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Where is energy stored in ATP? | in the bond |
| What happens when a phosphorylation bond is formed? | a high energy covalent bond is formed between the 2nd phosphate (in ADP) and the third free floating phosphate |
| Can a high energy bond be transported? | No |
| What is the role of NADH and FADH2 | they are intermediate forms of energy used to create ATP from sugars, fats and proteins |
| When are NADH and FADH created? | When high energy e- and H+ are released from reaction in respiration pathways |
| What is reduction? | The process of creating NADH and FADH by adding e- |
| What is oxidation? what happens to the e-? | the process of losing e- which creates NAD+ and FAD+, e- energy is used to create ATP |
| what are the 3 types of carbohydrate catobolism? What is this called? | glycolysis, hexose monophosphate pathway, and Entner Douderoff. all three of these are substrate level phosphorylation |
| What is required to start glycolysis? | A 6 carbon sugar |
| What are the steps of glycolysis? | 1. 6 carbon is cut in half to form 3 carbon, 2. 2 ATP AND 1 NADH are formed per 3 Carbon 3. A pyruvate is the end product of each 3 carbon. |
| What is the overall yield of glycolysis? Why is there less ATP? | 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 PYRUVATE. there is less ATP because two were needed to start the reaction and two replaced it |
| what is the only organic molecule that yields energy without oxygen? | carbohydrates |
| what type of phosphorylation is glycolysis? | Substrate level |
| What happens and what is formed when the gylcolic process becomes anaerobic? | yeast produces ethanol and CO2 and everything else produces lactic acid from the pyruvates |
| When does pyruvate prep occur? | when the conditions are aerobic and after glycolysis |
| What is acetyl CoA made of? | NADH and CO2 |
| What is produced in pyruvate prep? | 2 CoA, 2 NADH and 2 CO2 |
| What starts the krebs cycle? what is special about the krebs cycle? | Acetyl CoA, the krebs cycle is cyclical and will go around twice for every pyruvate prep (prep produces 2 acetyl CoA and 1 is required to start) |
| How many carbons are lost during krebs cycle and to where? what is the final amount of carbons before cycle restarts? | two are lost to CO2. 4 are left before they join with an acetyl group to form another 6 carbon |
| What are the products of the krebs cycle? (hint: this is from two pyruvates) what is an easy way to remember this? | 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP (mnemonic is 3:11) |
| What starts the hexose (shunt) pathway? what is special about the pathway? And how many times do you go through it? | 1 ATP and glucose starts the pathway and it is special becuase it can process a 5 carbon sugar. pathway only goes once |
| What does the hexose pathway create (gross yield) and what is the net yield | 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 1 PYRUVATE, but the net yield is -1 ATP (1 left) because it is given back since it was needed to start reaction |
| What is special about the entner douderoff pathway? what does it require? | it only occurs in gram negatives like psuedomonas and it will never occur if glycolysis is. it requires 1 ATP and a 6 carbon |
| what is the difference between glycolysis and the entner pathway? | glycolysis forms 2 pyruvates, entner forms 1 pyruvate and 1 glyceraldehyde |
| What is the gross yield of the entner douderoff? | 2 ATP (1 goes back), 1 NADH, and 1 NADPH |
| what are the most common fats for energy storage? what are they broken into and where do the respective items go? | triglycerides are most common and break down into a glycerol and fatty acids. the glycerol enters at the midpoint of glycolysis and continues to e- transport. fatty acid enters beta oxidation |
| What does beta oxidation yield? what is required to kickstart it? | 1 ATP to start, and beta oxidation yeilds NADH. FADH2 and acetyl groups which are dependant on how many carbon pairs get cleaved |
| what are fatty acids? | long chains of carbons bound by carboxyl group |
| what is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats? what do each usually comprise? | Saturated fats have only single bonds and are linear, so they are mostly animal fats. Unsaturated fats have double bonds betweenc arbons and are primarily in plants |
| what fat is divided into cis and trans? what is the difference? | unsaturated. trans bonds create a straight chain while a cis bond results in bent chain |
| what are the conditions to go through the krebs cycle? | No amine groups |
| dehydrogenation | a free ammonia is produced, water is used and double bonded oxygen replaces the amine. the product is NADH |
| deamination | Free ammonia, water is used and double bonded oxygen replaces amine. FADH2 is produced |
| transamination? what is special? | no ammonia is produced, no water is used and double bonded oxygen from another molecule replaces amine group. no energy but the reaction is reversible |
| oxidation-reduction | free ammonia, water used, double bonded oxygen replaces amine. no energy and reversible |
| decarboxylation | reaction that rids an amino acid of 1 or more carboxyl groups |
| what is the most important pigment for photosynthesis? what is its limitation | chlorphyll A, which is the only one that can pass on captured light energy. only absorbs blue and red/orange range |
| in what organism does cyclical phosphorylation occur? | bacteria and blue green algae |
| in what organism does non-cyclical phosphorylation occur? | eukaryotes |
Created by:
Lyd543
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