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Biology 1610 Ch. 7
Chapter 7 vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
| chemical energy | that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction |
| heat | the total amount of kinetic energy in a sample of a substance |
| catabolism | the aspect of metabolism in which complex substances are broken down to form simpler substances; catabolic reactions are particularly important in releasing chemical energy stored by the cell |
| dynamic equalibrium | the condition of a chamical reaction when the rate of change is the same in one direction as it is in the other. The difference in free energy is zero |
| phosphorylation | the intoduction of a phosphate group into an organic molecule. (e.g. kinase) |
| enzyme | an organic catalyst (usualy a protein)that accelerates a specific chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for that reaction |
| NAD+/NADH | oxidized and reduced forms, respectively, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that transfers electrons (as hydrogen), particularly in catabolic pathways including cellular respiration |
| metabolic pathway | , a series of chemical reacrions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next reaction |
| active site | a specific region of an enzyme (generally near the surface) that accepts one or more substrates and catalyzes a chemical reaction |
| allosteric site | a site on a enzyme other than the active site, to which a specific substance binds, thereby changing the shape and activity of the enzyme |
| irreversable inhibitor | a substance that permanently inactivates an enzyme |
| energy | the capacity to do work; expressed in kilajoules or kilocalories |
| entropy | disorderliness; a quantitative measure of the amount of the random, disordered energy that is unavailable to do work |
| free energy | the maximum amount of energy available to do work under the conditions of a biochemical reaction |
| thermodynamics | principles governing energy transfer |
| reduction | the gain of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule |
| redox reaction | the chemical reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred from one substance (the substance that becomes oxidized) to another ( the substance that is reduced) |
| potential energy | stored energy; energy that can do work as a consequence of its position or state. |
| noncompetative injibitor | a substance that lowers the rate at which an enzyme catalyze a reaction but does not bind to the active site. |
| open system | an entity that exchanges energy with its surroundings |
| induced fit | conformational change in the active site of an enzyme that occurs when it binds to its substrate |
| feedback inhibition | a type of enzyme regulation in which the accumulation of the product of a reaction inhibits an earlies reaction in the sequence; also known as end product inhibition |
| exergonic reaction | a reaction chatacterized by a release of free energy. Also called a spontaneous reaction. |
| coupled readtions | a set of reactions in which an exergonic reaction provieds the free energy required to drive an endergonic reaction; energy coupling generally occures through a common intermediate |
| activation energy | the kinetic energy required to initiate a chemical reaction (also called energy of activation) |
| allosteric enzyme | are enzymes that change their conformation upon binding of an effector. An allosteric enzyme is an oligomer whose biological activity is affected by altering the conformation(s) of its quaternary structure. |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | an organic compound containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; of prime importance for energy transters in cells |
| anabolism | the aspect of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances, resulting in the storage of energy, the production of new cell materials, and growth. |
| metabolism | the sum of all the chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism; the transformations by which energy and matter are mafe available for use by the organism. |
| oxidation | the loss of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by and atom, ion, or molecule. |
| reversible inhibitor | a substance that forms weak bonds with an enzyme, temporarilu interfering with its function; a reversible inhibitor is either copetitive or noncompetitive. |
| substrate | a suvstance on which an enzyme acts; a reactant in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction. |
| cytochromes | tron-containing heme proteins of an electron transport system |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| NADP+/NAPDH | oxidized and reduced forms, respectively, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme that acts as an electron (hydrogen) transfer agent, perticularly in anabolic pathways, including photosynthesis |
| FAD/FADH2 | oxidized and reduced forms, respectivly, of flavin adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that transfers electrons (as hydrogen) in metabolism, including cellular respiration |
| endergonic reaction | a nonspontaneous reaction; a reaction requiring a net input of free energy. |
| enzyme-subsrate complex | the temporary association between enzyme and substrate that forms during the course of a catalyzed reaction; also called ES complex |
| coenzyme | an organic cofactor for an enzyme generally participates in the reastion by transferring some component, such as electrons or part of a substrate molecule |
| competitive inhibitor | a substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme, this lowering the rate of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. |
| cofactor | a nonprotein substance needed by an enzyme for nomal activity; some cofactors are inorganic(usually metal ions); others are organic (coenzymes) |
| closed system | an entity that does not exchange energy with its surroundings |
| allosteric regulators | substances that affect protein function by binding to allosteric sites. |
| ADP | an atp that has lost one of its phosphates. |
Created by:
ChandelleH
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