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HS Musculoskeletal
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| skeleton | the framework for the human body that contain 206 bones |
| long bones | found in the arms and legs; consist of a shaft and two rounded ends |
| short bones | found in wrists and ankles; round or cube shaped |
| flat bones | found in ribs and skull; relatively thin and may be curved |
| irregular bone | found in spinal column and face; oddly shaped that are not flat |
| joint | the areas where two bones join together |
| fixed joints | do not permit any movement at all; found in skull |
| slightly movable joints | allow for limited movement; found in vertebrae of spine and attach to sternum |
| freely movable joints | allow for wide range of movement; found in knees, elbows, shoulders, etc. |
| range of motion | the complete extent of movement that the joint is normally capable of without causing pain |
| cartilage | a tough, fibrous substance found in joints and other parts of the body; in slightly movable joints, it acts as a "shock absorber" |
| ligaments | very strong bands of fibrous tissue that cross over the joint capsule, attaching to one bone to another and stabilizing the joint |
| tendons | bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone |
| muscle tone | the steady contraction of the skeletal muscles |
| flexion | bending of a joint |
| extension | straightening of a joint |
| abduction | moving a body part away from the midline of the body |
| adduction | moving a body part towards the midline of the body |
| rotation | twisting or turning of a joint |
| supination | rotation of the palm so that it is facing up or forward |
| pronation | rotation of the palm so that it is facing down or backward |
| eversion | rotation of the foot outward |
| inversion | rotation of the foot inward |
| dorsiflexion | bending the foot upward at the ankle by pulling the toes towards the head |
| plantar flexion | flexing the arch of the foot by pointing the toes downward |
| atrophy | the loss of muscle size and strength |
| osteoporosis | excessive loss of bone tissue; bone becomes extremely fragile |
| arthritis | inflammation of the joints, usually associated with pain and stiffness |
| muscular dystrophy | a general term for a group of disorders that cause the skeletal muscles to become progressively weaker over time |
| fracture | a broken bone |
| closed fracture | the bone is broken, but the broken ends do not protrude through the over lying skin |
| open fracture | the bone is broken, and the sharp ends of the broken bone have broken through the skin |
| greenstick fracture | the bone bends and splinters, but it does not break all the way through |
| impacted fracture | the bone is broken all the way through, and the broken ends of the bone are jammed into each other |
| comminuted fracture | the bone is splintered into several little peices |
| spiral fracture | the break circles around the bone in a winding fashion |
| reduction | the process of bringing the broken ends of the bone into alignment |
| fixation | the process of holding the bone in one position until the fracture heals |
| traction | the ends of the bones are placed in the proper alignment and then weight is applied to exert a constant and keep the bone in alignment |
| trapeze bar | a device that is attached to the overhead frame of a person's bed; used to assist with movement |
| amputation | the removal of all or part of an arm or leg |
| stump | the end of the amputated limb that is left after surgery |
| phantom pain | the feeling that the amputated body part is still present, after an amputation |
| active range of motion | patient or resident performs all exercises independently |
| passive range of motion | the nursing assistant or nurse moves the patient's or resident's joints through the exercises, without active involvement on the part of the person |
| active assistive range of motion | the patient or resident performs the exercises with some hands-on assistance from the nursing assistant or nurse |
| gangrene | death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply followed by bacterial invasion |
Created by:
mtibben
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