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Anatomy
Skeletal system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the two divisions of the skeletal system and what they include. | Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage. Appendicular skeleton: Bones of the limbs and gridles of limbs. |
| What are the 5 major types of bones? | Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and pneumatic bones. |
| What are the characteristics of a lone bones? | The length is more than the width. They have a shaft with two ends. They have a medullary cavity |
| What is a miniature long bone and an example? | They have a shaft with one epiphyseal end. metacarpal and metatarsal bones. |
| What is a modified long bone and an example? | They have no medullary cavity. Clavicle. |
| What are the parts of the long bones? | Diaphysis: the shaft of the bone which ossifies from primary center. Epiphysis: the ends of the bones which ossifies from secondary center. Metaphysis: is the area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis that is also rich in blood vessels. |
| What separates the metaphysis from the epiphysis and what is its purpose? | The epiphyseal plate of cartilage. Proliferation of cells in cartilage increases the length of the long bone, it is the zone of active growth. |
| What is the medullary cavity in the long bone? | It is a long cavity inside the diaphysis, filled with red bone marrow in children, which transitions to yellow bone marrow as they grow older and become adults. |
| What is the periosteum? | It covers the long bone in all areas, except the articular surfaces. The articular cartilage covers the articular surfaces. Deep to the periosteum is a layer of compact bone which is thicker in the diaphysis than the epiphysis. |
| What is deep to compact bone and what is it layer covers it? | The medullary cavity is in the diaphysis deep and is lined with the endosteum, filled with yellow bone marrow. |
| What type of bone is in the epiphysis and what is it filled with? | Spongy bone. Between the trabecula of the spongy bone is red bone marrow. |
| What is the blood supply of the long bone? | Nutrient artery supplies inner 2/3 of mature bone. Periosteal artery supplies the outer 1/3 of bone. Epiphyseal artery supplies the epiphysis. Metaphyseal artery supplies the metaphysis. |
| What are short bones and give examples? | They are roughly cube shaped with no shaft or ends. Carpal and tarsal bones. |
| What are sesamoid bones and give an example? | They are shaped like sesame seeds; they are a special type of short bone that forms within a tendon. Patella. |
| Describe flat bones and give examples. | They are this, flat and somewhat curved. Most bones of the skull, ribs and sternum. |
| Describe irregular bones and give examples. | They are various shapes that do not fit into other categories. Vertebrae and hip bones. |
| Describe pneumatic bones and give examples. | They are bones that contain air-filled spaces. Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxilla. |
| What are the 3 types of bones based on development? | Intramembranous: formation of bone without cartilage template (skull vault, facial bones). Endochondral: cartilage template that is replaced by bone (limbs, vertebra). Membrano-cartilaginous: partly from cartilage and mesenchymal ossification (clavicle) |
| What structures are found in the compact bone? | Osteons also known as haversian system. |
| What are found within osteons? | Haversian canals, osteocytes in lacunae and canaliculi (connect osteocytes with one another). |
| What are Volkmann's canals? | They are canals that lie at right angles to the axis of bone, they connect the vascular supply of the periosteum to those of the central canal and medullary cavity. |
| Describe osteoblasts. | Immature bone cells located on bone forming surfaces. They synthesize & secrete the osteoid matrix (composed of glycoproteins & collagen). Not yet embedded in osteoid matrix. Have cytoplasmic process to connect them to neighboring osteoblasts & osteocytes |
| Describe osteocytes. | Mature bone cells. They are osteoblasts that have become embedded in calcified bone matrix. They reside in lacunae within matrix. They are connected to neigboring osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes that extend through small tunnels called canaliculi. |
| Describe osteoclasts. | They are large multinucleated cells that act to resorb bone during bone formation and healing, remodeling throughout life. Important in maintaining calcium balance in the body. |
Created by:
David wiid
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