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Biology 112
Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electron #1 | Negatively charged subatomic particle that generally occupies orbitals surrounding the nucleus in an atom |
| Electron #2 | Collide with other particles and can diffract like light |
| Energy flow | Caloric Flow |
| Caloric Flow | The flow of energy through a food chain |
| Bioenergetics | The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms |
| Metabolism | The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms |
| Metabolism first purpose | The conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes |
| Metabolism second purpose | The conversion of food to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acid and some carbs |
| Metabolism third purpose | The elimination of metabolic wastes |
| Chemical Bond | A lasting attraction between atoms, ions, or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds |
| Main cause of chemical bonding | The exchange or sharing of electrons between two or more atoms |
| What happen to electrons removes from one molecule? | They are passed to another molecule |
| What provides most of the energy for living things | Electron transfers |
| Chemical energy #1 | The potential energy type that exists within chemical binds that releases when those bonds break |
| Chemical energy #2 | Responsible for providing living cells with energy from food |
| Chemical energy #3 | Breaking molecular bonds within fuel molecules brings about the energy's release |
| What is a lasting attraction between atoms ions, or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds? | A chemical bond |
| Carbohydrate groups | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccarides |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars |
| Four main groups of organic molecules | Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids |
| Most common simple sugar | Glucose |
| Mono | one |
| sacchar | sweet |
| Terpenes | Released into the air serve as condensation nuclei - cooling air - another way trees counter climate change |
| Terpenes | They serve as airborne signals |
| Phenols | A class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group boarded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group |
| Lipids | A diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature |
| Lipid functions | Stores energy |
| What is an important constituent of all cellular membranes? | Lipids |
| What has the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules? | Proteins |
| What is the most abundant organic molecule in living systems? | Proteins |
| Cofactors | Inorganic and organic chemicals that assist enzymes during the catalysis of reactions |
| What is mostly metal ions or coenzymes? | Cofactors |
| Hemocyanins | Proteins that transport oxygen throughout the bodies of some invertebrate animals |
| Proteins main functions | Serve in transport, storage, membranes, toxins or enzymes |
| Coenzymes | Non-proteins, organic molecules that are mostly derivatives of vitamins soluble in water by phosphorylation |
| metalloprotein | A generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor |
| Most proteins are a part of this category | Metalloprotein |
| Types of proteins | Digestive, transport, structural, hormones, defense, contractile, storage |
| What gives proteins their behavior? | The R group |
| Cofactor metals | iron, copper, and zinc |
| Hemoglobin | Carries oxygen, and iron atom |
| Hemocyanin | Carries oxygen, and copper atom |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Nucleic Acids | Molecules comprised of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell division and protein synthesis |
| What do nucleosides + phosphate turn into? | Nucleotides |
| Nucleotides are a part of? | Nucleic acids |
| What does ADP change to? | ATP |
| What is NAD? | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| What is NAD used in? | Catabolic Pathways |
| Principle #1 | Living cells pump ions across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient, then uses that gradient to make the energy rich molecule ATP |
| Osmosis | High H2O concentration to low H2O concentration |
| ATP Synthase | Produces ATP from ADP and inorganic Phosphate |
| Organic | Relating or derived from living matter |
| Inorganic | Relating to or denoting compounds which are not organic |
| What is used in cellular respiration? | Photosynthesis, carbohydrates, and oxygen gas |
| What is the by product of cellular respiration? | Carbon dioxide |
| Electronegativity | A measured of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons; or attractiveness to another molecule |
| What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? | Oxygen |
| What happens to the oxygen that you bring into your body when you breath? | It is reduced to H2O |
| Methane | CH4 |
| Ecology | The study of the interactions of living organisms with their environments |
| Biogeochemistry | The study of chemical, physical, geological and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment |
| What is the biogeochemistry principle? | Energy flows, matter cycles |
| ATP jobs | To store and transport chemical energy within cells |
| What is generated by an electron transport chain which acts as a proton pump? | Proton - motive force |
| Chemiosmosis | The movement of ions across a semi-permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient |
| Continental drift | The theory that the Earth's continents have moved over a geological time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed |
| "Luca" | A inferred evolutionary intermedia that links the abiotic phase of the earth's history with the first traces of microbial life in rocks that are 3.8 - 3.5 billion years of age |
| Where does the majority of ATP synthesis occur? | In cellular respiration within the mitochondrial matrix |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria |
| Glycolysis | The first pathway used in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy |
| Cytochrome oxidase | A large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and in eukaryotes in their mitochondria |
| What is the electron transport chain? | A series of electron transporter embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen |
| What is the theoretical maximum yield of ATP generated per glucose? | 36 - 38 |
| What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? | Oxygen |
| What is neutral pH? | pH 7 |
| What is pH? | Quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions |
Created by:
aturner104
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