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Trace Minerals
From a human nutritional pov
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are trace minerals? | Minerals required in amounts smaller than 100 milligrams per day that are essential to health; also called microminerals |
| Name the trace minerals that the body needs. | Iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, iodine, manganese, and molybdenum. |
| What is Iron? | The most abundant trace mineral. There are two forms: nonheme and heme iron. Heme iron is part of the proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin and part of cytochromes in the electron transport chain. |
| Bioavailability of iron | Heme is 2-3 more times bioavailable than nonheme iron. Eating meat, fish, or poultry at the same time as eating a nonheme food source will increase its absorption |
| Absorption of iron | This is controlled by iron status, the molecular form of iron, and types of food eaten together. |
| Storage and Transportation of iron | Iron is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin and transported attached to transferrin. |
| Hormonal regulations of iron absorption | A hormone produced by the liver called hepcidin. When iron stores are high, the liver produces more hepcidin, which inhibits ferroportin from transporting iron. |
| Iron Recycling | The amount of iron absorbed is not sufficient to meet the body's needs. Iron found in the heme portion of hemoglobin is broken down in the liver and the spleen. About 95% of the iron found in the body is recycled and reused. |
| Hemoglobin and Myoglobin transport oxygen | 2/3 of the iron in the body is in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Myoglobin in the muscle works with hemoglobin in the blood in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| Iron Participates in Energy Metabolism | Iron-containing cytochromes transfer electrons down the electron transport chain to eventually produce ATP. Iron participates in the conversion of citrate to isocitrate in the TCA cycle. |
| Iron is important for immune function | Necessary for the production of the lymphocytes and macrophages that help fight infection, and macrophages may store iron to prevent pathogens from using the mineral to multiply. Serves as a cofactor to prevent cell membranes from free radical damage. |
| Iron is needed for brain function | Helps enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitter, including dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. |
| Food sources of iron | Meat, fish, poultry, and egg yolks are rich sources of efficiently absorbed heme iron. Cooking foods in iron pans and skillets can also increase their nonheme iron content |
| Iron toxicity | Hepcidin in a healthy person should be monitoring the levels of iron in blood. The iron is stored in intestinal cells. But when taking iron supplements this process gets overwhelmed. Constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea can result from toxicity |
| Iron overload | Undetected excessive storing of iron in the body over several years can damage tissues and organs |
| Hemochromatosis | A genetic disorder in which individuals absorb too much dietary iron. Must avoid iron supplements and vitamin C supplements. |
| Iron deficiency | Occurs when body stores are so depleted that blood hemoglobin levels decrease. The red blood cells become pale and small. Oxygen delivery is diminished, causing fatigue and weakness. |
| Deficiency of iron in children | Impacts their ability to learn and retain information |
| People at risk for iron deficiency | Pregnant women, menstruating women, teenage girls, preterm or low birthweight infants, and older infants and toddlers. |
| What is copper? | Oxidized form is cupric (Cu+2) form and reduced form is cuprous (Cu+) form. |
| Copper absorption and transportation | Absorbed in the small intestine and transported attached to albumin. |
| Metabolic functions of copper part 1 | Copper is part of enzymes necessary for oxidation reactions and reducing damage by free radicals. Ceruloplasmin, an enzyme that oxidizes iron contains copper. Copper is part of the cytochromes necessary for the electron transport chain. |
| Metabolic functions of copper part 2 | Links the proteins collagen and elastin together in connective tissue. Helps synthesize melanin. Plays an important role as a cofactor in blood clotting and immune response |
| Food sources of copper | Organ meats, seafood, nuts, and seeds are abundant. Bran cereals, whole-grain products, and cocoa are good. Although potatoes, milk, and chicken are low in copper, they are consumed in such abundant amounts that they contribute to the American diet. |
| Copper toxicity | Excessive intakes of copper supplements can cause stomach pain and cramps, nausea, and vomiting. |
| Copper deficiency | IS rare but occurs in premature babies fed milk formulas, in malnourished infants fed cow's milk, and in individuals given intravenous feedings that lacked adequate amounts of copper. |
| Menkes' disease and Wilson's disease | Both genetic disorders. Menkes' disease causes copper to accumulate in the kidney, brain, and liver and can cause developmental problems. Wilson's disease prevents the body from excreting copper through the bile. Can cause liver and brain damage. |
| What is zinc? | Zn+2 is found in mostly bone and muscle and almost every cell in the body. |
| Metabolic functions of Zinc | Part of the RNA and DNA structure, functions in taste acuity, and helps prevent age-related macular degeneration. May reduce the duration of a cold. |
| Food sources of zinc | Red meat, some seafood, and whole grains are excellent sources. The dark meat in chicken and turkey is higher in zinc than white meat |
| Zinc toxicity | Causes vomiting and diarrhea, suppresses the immune system, and lowers HDL cholesterol. |
| Zinc deficiency | Impairs growth, causes loss of hair and appetite, and delays sexual maturation. |
| What is selenium? | A component of a class of proteins called selenoproteins. Dietary form is selenomethionine. |
| Metabolic functions of selenium | Help regulate thyroid hormones in the body. Selenoproteins act as antioxidants. Selenium's antioxidant capabilities, and its ability to potentially slow the growth of tumors, are thought to be the mechanism behind its anticancer effects. |
| Food sources of selenium | Nuts, meat, seafood, cereal, grains, dairy foods, and fruits and vegetables can all contribute to dietary selenium. Depends on where the plants were grown and the animals grazed. Wheat growth in selenium-rich soil will have tenfold more selenium. |
| Selenium toxicity | Causes brittle teeth and fingernails, garlic odor in the breath, gastrointestinal problems, and damage to the nervous system. |
| Selenium deficiency | Can lead to Keshan disease and changes in thyroid hormone production. |
| What is fluoride? | The safe ionic form of fluorine, a poisonous gas. Found naturally in plants and animals and is often added to the water supply. Taken up by the bones and developing teeth |
| Metabolic functions of fluoride | Helps maintain the structure of bones and teeth and helps prevent dental caries. |
| Food sources of fluoride | The primary dietary source of fluoride is a fluoridated water supply and the consumption of foods and beverages prepared using fluoridated water. |
| Fluoride toxicity | Fluorosis is a condition whereby the teeth become mottled and develop white patches or stains on the surface. Fluorosis creates teeth extremely resistant to dental caries but are aesthetically unappealing. |
| Fluoride deficiency | Increases the risk if dental caries |
| What is chromium? | Active form is trivalent chromium . Very little absorbed. Stored in a variety of tissues. Recently classified as a trace mineral |
| Metabolic functions of chromium | Increases the effectiveness of insulin in cells; moves inside the cell and stimulates the transport of glucose; may help prevent metabolic syndrome, which comprises obesity, high lipid levels in the blood, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. |
| Food sources of chromium | Many foods contain it. Whole grains, meat, fish, and poultry and some fruits and vegetables |
| Chromium toxicity | Interferes with iron metabolism |
| Chromium deficiency | Very rare. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, they experienced lower blood glucose levels and less insulin resistance when they were given chromium supplements |
| What is iodine? | The ionic form iodide is essential. |
| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland mostly due to iodine deficiency. The goiter epidemic prompted the iodization of salt. |
| Metabolic functions of iodine | Essential to make thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which help regulate metabolic rate and stimulate growth and development |
| Food sources of iodine | Does not occur naturally in foods and is influenced by soil, water, and fertilizers used to grow foods. Fish can provide higher amounts as they concentrate it from seawater. Seaweed is another highly concentrated source. Not all salt has added iodine. |
| Iodine toxicity and deficiency | Iodine toxicity impairs thyroid function. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy causes mental retardation and cretinism in the offspring. During childhood and adulthood causes goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) |
| What is molybdenum? | Part of several metalloenzymes involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids and oxidation-reduction reactions. |
| Food sources of molybdenum | Legumes!! Grains, nuts, dairy products, and leafy green vegetables. |
| Molybdenum toxicity and deficiency | Limited research on the adverse effects of too much dietary molybdenum in humans. In animals, it causes reproductive problems and kidney disorders. Dietary deficiency has not been reported in humans. |
| What is manganese? | A trace mineral that is either part of, or activates, many enzymes in the body. Much of the manganese is found in bones and the accessory organs of digestion. |
| Metabolic functions of manganese | Assists enzymes involved in energy metabolism and functions as an antioxidant and in the synthesis of bone. |
| Food sources of manganese | Legumes, nuts, whole grains, tea, vegetables, and fruits such as pineapples, strawberries, and bananas. |
| Manganese toxicity and deficiency | Generally not toxic and deficiency is rare. |
| Are any other minerals important in health? | Other minerals, including arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, and vanadium, may play a role in maintaining health, at least in animals. More research is needed in humans. |
| What can cause microcytic anemia? | Deficiency in iron and vitamin B6. |
| What can cause macrocytic anemia? | Deficiency in folate and vitamin B12 or malabsorption of vitamin B12. |
| Treatment of anemia | A complete blood count is used to determine the form and cause of anemia, followed by treatment with supplements and an optimal diet to supply the lacking nutrient. |
Created by:
bsauveur
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