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Chapter 2

QuestionAnswer
stress A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume.
shearing Stress that pushes the mass of a rock in opposite directions.
compression Squeezes rock until it folds or breaks.
tension Pull on the crust, stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.
deformation Any change of shape or volume in earth's crust.
fault A break in earth's crust where slabs of crust slip past each other.
strike-slip fault Shearing can cause rock to break and slip apart or to change its shape.
normal fault Pulls on the crust, stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.
hanging wall Half of a fault that lies above is called the hanging wall.
footwall Half of that fault that lies below is called the foot wall.
reverse fault Squeezes rock until it folds or breaks.
fault-block mountain When normal faults uplift a block of rock.
fold Bends in a rock that forms when compression shortens and thickens a part of earth's crust.
anticline A fold in rock that bends upward into an arch.
syncline A fold in rock that bends downward into a bowl.
plateau A large area of flat land raised high up above sea level.
focus The pound beneath earth's surface where rock that is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake.
epicenter The point above the surface directly above the focus.
seismic waves Vibrations traveling through earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.
P-Wave Waves that compress and expand like an accordion.
S-wave Waves that vibrate side to side and up and down.
surface wave Move more slowly than P waves and S waves, but they produce the most severe ground moments.
seismograph Records seismic waves.
magnitude A measurement of earthquake strength.
Mercalli Scale Rate earthquakes according to their intensity.
Richter Scale A rating of the size of seismic waves.
moment magnitude scale Rate earthquakes of all sizes and near and far.
aftershock An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area.
liquefaction When an earthquake's violent shaking turns loose, soft soil into liquid mud.
Tsunami The water displaced from the quake forms large waves.
base-isolated building A building designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake.
Created by: WadeOwe11
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