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AP Bio Chapter 9

Cellular Respiration

TermDefinition
Acetyl CoA Acetyl coenzyme A; The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
Aerobic respiration A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen (02) as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP.
Alcohol fermentation Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic respiration A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chains.
ATP synthase A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP.
Cellular respiration The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.
Chemiosmosis An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
Electron transport chain A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Facultative anaerobe An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.
Glycolysis A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as a starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
Intermembrane space The space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane; the site of high concentrations of H+ protons establishing a proton gradient, high concentration of protons in the space and low concentrations in the matrix.
Krebs cycle Also known as the citric acid cycle. It completed the breakdown of acetyl CoA, what is left of glucose. Occurs in the matrix. It forms 2 acetyl CoA molecules, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, and 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
Lactic acid fermentation Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide.
Mitochondrial matrix The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA.
Mitochondrion An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP.
NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, A coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.
Obligate anaerobe An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.
Oxidation The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Oxidative phosphorylation The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
Proton pump An active transport proteins in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of the cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.
Reduction The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Substrate-level phosphorylation The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
Created by: Laurenel1616
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