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Science Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Factors that influence occurrence of infection | Tissue Preference, Portals of Entry, Virulence, Dose, and Predisposition of Host |
| Innate Immunity | Immunity that you are born with |
| Acquired Immunity | Immunity that you acquire either naturally or artificially |
| 1st Line of Defense | Skin, Membranes, Secretions, and Reflexes |
| 2nd Line of Defense | Phagocytosis, Natural Killer Cells, Inflammation, Fever, Interferon, and Complement |
| Mechanical Barriers | Physically block pathogens from entering the body |
| Chemical Barriers | Kill pathogens on the body's surface |
| Natural Killer Cells | Can recognize body cells with abnormal membranes and destroy them. Secretes a protein that breaks down the cell membrane. |
| Phagocytosis | White blood cells (leukocytes) take in and destroy foreign material. Neutrophils and Macrophages. |
| Inflammation | The body's effort to get rid of an irritant or limit its effects relate to an increase of blood flow in an area. Heat, Redness, Swelling, and Pain. |
| Fever | Phagocytes release substances that raise body temperature |
| Interferon | A substance that virus-infected cells release that prevents nearby cells from producing more virus |
| Types of mechanical/chemical barriers | Skin, Mucous Membranes, Body Secretions, and Reflexes (Sneezing, Coughing, Vomiting, or Diarrhea) |
| Macrophage | Processing centers for foreign material. Ingest foreign cells, break them down, and then process them. |
| Acute Inflammation | Short term inflammation with less severe implications |
| Chronic Inflammation | Long term inflammation with more severe implications |
| Diseases/Disorders Associated with Inflammation | Cancer & Type 2 Diabetes |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | Immunity in relation to T cells. Activation of phagocytes -> Cytotoxic T cells -> Release of cytokines in response to antigen |
| Humoral Immunity | Immunity in relation to B cells. B cells -> Plasma cells -> Antibodies -> Memory cells |
| Active Immunity Examples | Vaccine or Coming in Contact with Disease |
| Passive Immunity Examples | Antibodies from mother's milk or immune serum |
| B Cells | The cell that individually produce antibodies. Protects from extracellular pathogens. |
| Helper T Cells | T cells that recognize antigen on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Induces formation of cytotoxic T cells. Releases IL2 |
| Cytotoxic T Cells | Temporary cells that destroy foreign cells directly. |
| Regulatory T Cells | Suppresses the immune response to prevent over-reactivity |
| Memory T Cells | Remembers an antigen |
| Activation of Helper T Cells | Macrophage ingests foreign antigen -> Macrophage presents antigen fragment with MHC proteins to helper T cell -> Activated T cell produces interleukin (IL2) which stimulates other leukocytes |
| Opportunistic Infection | Take advantage of the current health of host. Common in HIV/AIDS patients |
| Examples of Opportunistic Infection | Tuberculosis & Kaposi's Sarcoma |
| Antigen | A foreign substance which enters the body and induces an immune response |
| Antibody | A substance produced in response to an antigen |
| Two Bacterial Diseases with a Vaccine | DTaP & Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) |
| Two Viral Diseases with a Vaccine | Influenza, Covid-19, and HPV |
| Immune Serum | Blood serum containing antibodies obtained from an animal that has been subjected to the antigen |
| Allergy | Hypersensitivity to a normally harmless substance |
| Autoimmunity | Abnormal response to one's own tissues |
| Two Autoimmune Disorders | Inflammatory Bowel Disease & Type 1 Diabetes |
| HIV | Retrovirus that attacks the immune system |
| Stress' Effect on The Immune System | Prolonged stress makes the immune system more vulnerable due to prolonged secretion of cortisol |
| Cortisol | Inhabitants release of histamine and slows the process of phagocytosis. |
| Retrovirus | RNA -> DNA |
| Epidemic | More cases than expected in a given area over a particular period of time |
| Outbreak | Localized increase in the incidence of disease |
| Cluster | Aggregation of cases in a given area over a particular period of time |
| Reasons to Investigate an Outbreak | Identify preventable risk factors, provide new research insights into disease & Train health department staff in methods of public health investigations and emergency response |
| Ways to Recognize an Outbreak | Routine surveillance activities & reports from affected individuals |
| Working Case Definition | Broad definition without bias or risk factors |
| Descriptive Epidemiology | Time, Place, and Person |
| Analytical Epidemiology | How? Why? |
| Epi Curve Function | Provides descriptive epidemiological data in shape of a graph |
| Point Source Epi Curve | People exposed over a brief period of time to the same source. One incubation period |
| Continuous Common Source Epi Curve | People exposed to the same source, but over a prolonged period of time. |
| Intermittent Epi Curve | Irregularly jagged. No common source |
| Propagated Epi Curve | No common source because it is spread person-to-person |
| Malaria | Life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted through mosquitos |
| Causative Agent of Malaria | Single celled parasites of the plasmodium group |
| How is Malaria Transmitted? | Bites of Infected female Anopheles mosquitos |
| Age Group with Highest Risk of Illness and Death in Relation to Malaria | Children |
| Three Anti-Malarial Tools & Public Health Interventions | Malaria Vaccine, Artemisinin, and DDT |
| Barriers to Malaria Treatment | Lack of Supplies & Lackluster Vaccine |
| Causative Agent of Tuberculosis | Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
| Why Did Tuberculosis Re-emerge in the 1980's? | HIV Outbreak |
| Latent TB | Does not show symptoms of TB & is not contagious. Can develop into active TB |
| Active TB | Shows symptoms of TB & is contagious |
| Risk Factors Relative to Active TB | HIV, Malnutrition, Alcohol Use Disorder, Tobacco Smoking, and Diabetes |
| Cases of TB Per Year | 10.6 million active cases |
| Percent Infected with TB | 25% |
| Deaths Caused by TB Per Year | 1.6 million |
| Gold Standard of TB Detection | Sputum Smear |
| DOTS | Someone must observe the patient take the medication. Directly Observed Treatment |
| MDR-TB | Immunity to the 1st line drugs. Multi Drug Resistant TB |
| XDR-TB | Immunity to the 1st line drugs & some of the 2nd line drugs. Virtually untreatable. Extensively Drug Resistant TB |
| Hemagglutinin | Attaches to respiratory tract cells to cause infection |
| Neuraminidase | Releases new viruses from infected cells |
| Antigenic Drift | Minor genetic changes to influenza viruses that cause small, localized outbreaks |
| Antigenic Shift | Major reassortment between two influenza A viruses resulting in a pandemic strain. |
| Life Cycle of Malaria Part 1 | Mosquito bites person -> Parasite sporozoites released into bloodstream & head to liver -> Infects liver cells & asexually reproduce rapidly -> Infect red blood cells & reproduce again -> Parasite matures and ruptures red blood cell -> Cycle repeats |
| Life Cycle of Malaria Part 2 | A small percentage of the merozoites develop into gametocytes -> New mosquito takes up gametocytes -> Gametocytes mature and form a zygote in gut of mosquito -> Zygote produces sporozoites that travel to mosquitos' mouth parts |
| How does Tamiflu work? | Blocks neuraminidase, decreasing infection rate |
Created by:
LoganB0114
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