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anatomy and physio
semester 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is endocrinology | the study of hormones, their receptors and the intracellular signaling pathways they invoke |
| hormone defintion | chemical messenger that is released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to reach specific cells in other tissues |
| 3 factors that determine the concentration of a hormone | rate of production, rate of delivery and rate of degradation and elimination |
| what is negative feedback | the mechanism for control of the releasing and inhibiting hormones |
| what is an example of a humoral control | control of insulin release by blood glucose levels |
| location of the thyroid gland | anterior neck, below larynx, highly vascular, near common caratoid artery |
| composition of thyroid gland | 2 lobes connected by isthmus-bands of thyroid tissue |
| what 3 hormones are made by the thyroid gland | T3, T4 and calcitonin |
| what do C cells secrete | calcitonin |
| where are thyroid hormones stored | colloid |
| when are T3 and T4 produced | when metabolic rate needs to be increased |
| what are the physiological effects of thyroid hormones | metabolism of lipids and CHDs, growth and development and promotes vascodillation |
| what are the physiological effects of calcitonin | inhibits osteoclast activity in bone and inhibits tubular reabsorption in the kidney which reduce the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body |
| what are the physiological effects of parathyroid hormone | facilitates the mobilisation of calcium and phosphate from bone and stimulates the production of vitamin D to maximise the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney |
| what are the normal calcium levels in the body | 8.5-11 mg/dL |
| what do chief cells produce | parathyroid hormone |
| when is parathyroid hormone produced | when calcium levels are too low |
| symptoms of hypothyroidism | fatigue, constipation, puffy face and goiters |
| diseases that cause hyperthyroidism | grave's disease, non-cancerous growths on glands, tumors on gonads, inflammation, ingestion of excess iodine and ingestion of excessive amounts of thyroid hormone |
| symptoms of hyperthyroidism | goiters, weight loss, heat intolerance, sweating, atrial fibrillation and diarrhoea |
| what does hypo-parathyroidism lead to | low levels of calcium and high levels of phosphorus |
| what is hypocalcemia | low levels of calcium |
| causes of hypo-parathyroidism | injury during head or neck surgery, genetics and adrenal failure/addison's disease |
| symptoms of hypo-parathyroidism | seizures, muscle cramps, calcifications, cardiac arrythmias and nephrocalcinsosis |
| causes of hyper-parathyroidism | enlargement of one or more gland, body produces extra parathyroid hormone due to low calcium levels |
| symptoms of hyper-parathyroidism | fatigue, back pain, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting |
| name the three types of cells in the pancreatic islets | alpha, beta and delta |
| what does the alpha islet secrete | glucagon |
| what does the beta islet produce | insulin |
| what does the delta islet secrete | somatostatin |
| why is insulin secreted | in response to elevated glucose concentration |
| what tissues don't require insulin for uptake of glucose | brain and liver |
| what does insulin do in the liver | promotes synthesis of fatty acids which are then exported of lipoproteins and inhibits the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue |
| what is the function of glucagon | breaks down glycogen to glucose in the liver to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream |
| what is the structure of glucagon | a linear peptide of 29 amino acids |
| what is hypoglycemia | low blood concentration of glucose |
| what is glucagon secreted in response to | elevated levels of amino acids in blood, exercise and negative control |
| why is glucagon secreted when amino acid levels in blood are high | glucagon causes conversion of excess amino acids to glucose |
| what does somatostatin do | inhibits the secretion of many hormones including insulin and glucagon |
| what causes type 1 diabetes | autoimmune destruction of beta cells |
| what are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus | polyphagia, hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria and polydipsia |
| what is polyphagia | when no glucose enters the cell which results in hunger |
| what is hyperglycemia | increased blood glucose levels |
| what is glucosuria | glucose max level exceeded in kidney causes loss of glucose in urine |
| what is polyuria | glucose drags water into urine |
| what is polydipsia | extreme thirst |
| functions of digestive system | ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption and excretion |
| what lines the digestive tract | mucosa |
| what forms the mucosa | lamina propria and epithelium |
| what is the submucosa | layer of dense irregular connective tissue |
| what is the serosa | serous membrane covering most of the muscularis externa |
| location of tunica mucosa | innermost layer of the digestive tube that lines the lumen |
| where is the lamina propria | under epithelium within the tunica mucosa |
| what is under the lamina propria | the muscularis mucosae |
| where is the submucous plexus | the tunica submucosa |
| function of the submucous plexus | provides nervous control to the mucosa |
| function of the tunica muscularis | allows digestive tube to be motile |
| what mechanisms control the movement of materials along the digestive system | neural, hormonal and local |
| what do the neural mechanisms do | parasympathetic and local nervous reflexes |
| what do hormonal mechanisms do | enhance or inhibit smooth muscle contraction |
| what do local mechanisms do | coordinate in response to changes in pH or chemical stimulus |
| what is the role of the oesophagus in the digestion system | to convey boluses of food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| what layers are in the wall of the oesophagus | mucosal, submucosal and muscularis layers |
| what epithelium cells is the wall of the oesophagus composed of | non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium |
| what are the three phases of swallowing | buccal phase, pharyngeal phase and oesophageal phase |
| what is the extra layer of smooth muscle in the stomach called | oblique muscle |
| functions of the stomach | bulk storage of undigested food, mechanical breakdown of food, disruption of chemical bonds via acids and enzymes and the production of intrinsic factor |
| what is intrinsic factor produced by | parietal cells |
| what type of epithelial cells are found in the mucosa of the stomach | simple columnar cells |
Created by:
tarajdaly16
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