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Biology Test #3
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are proto-oncogenes? | Genetic code for the normal stimulation of cell division |
| What are tumor suppressor genes? | Genetic code for the inhibition of cell division |
| What are oncogenes? | A gene that stimulates excessive cell division |
| What are the things that activate oncogenes (2)? | (1) Carcinogen Exposure that causes chemical mutations (2) Radiation that activates oncogenes and causes proto-oncogene mutations |
| What are the differences between cancer and normal division? | Normal cells can divide a limited number of times. Cancer cells never lose their ability to divide, and continue to do so indefinitely |
| What is cancer? | Group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells (tumor) |
| What is a benign tumor? | Non-cancerous tumor that does not spread. It can eventually become hostile/dangerous in some cases |
| What is a malignant tumors? | Cancerous cells that have the potential to spread to other parts of body |
| What is metastasis? | The movement of cancer cells through the circulatory and lymphatic systems |
| What are the checkpoints in cell cycle (3)? | (1) G1 Checkpoint (2) G2 Checkpoint (3) M Checkpoint |
| What are the differences in cancer and normal cell membranes? | The membranes of cancer cells have reduced adhesiveness, causing them to stick to each other less than non-cancerous cells |
| What is protein P53? | The protein that stops the cell cycle |
| What are the stages of mitosis and cell division (7)? | (1) Interphase (2) Prophase (3) In-Late Prophase (4) Metaphase (5) Anaphase (6) Telophase (7) Cytokinesis |
| What the cancer treatment options (3)? | (1) Radiation (2) Surgery (3) Chemotherapy |
| What is radiation? | Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. A large machine directs radiation at the body |
| What is surgery (cancer treatment)? | If in early stages, surgeons remove tumor in its entirety |
| What is chemotherapy? | Uses anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. Its purpose is to disrupt mitosis |
| What are the symptoms of cancer treatment (6)? | (1) Vomiting (2) Hair-Loss (3) Weight loss (4) Low iron (5) Fatigue (6) Reduced Immunity |
| What is the hierarchical arrangement of organisms (4)? | (1) Cells (2) Tissues (3) Organs (4) Organisms |
| What are cells? | The basic building blocks of life |
| What are tissues? | Similar types of cells working together in one area |
| What are organs? | Tissues coming together to form a larger mass |
| What are organisms? | Organs working together to make a living being |
| What is the difference between human and animals? | Our brain's structure and neural connections |
| Why is the human body so complicated? | (1) We are limited by the constraints of our universe (2) We are limited by evolutionary history (3) We can do so many things |
| What is dementia? | A general term for the deterioration of intellectual and social abilities; a set of symptoms, NOT a disease |
| What is vascular dementia? | The narrowing of blood vessels feeding the brain |
| What is dementia pugilistica? | Repetitive brain injury, can cause dementia or Parkinson-like symptoms |
| What is post-traumatic dementia? | A single major brain injury may lead to memory-problems and other dementia symptoms after the initial injury |
| What is HIV-Associated dementia? | AIDS leading to widespread brain damage |
| What are the two biggest types of brain disorders? | (1) Alzheimer's Disease (2) Parkinson's Disease |
| What is alzheimer's? | A type of dementia that is a progressive disease that destorys memory and other important mental functions |
| What is parkinson's disease? | A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. NOT dimentia |
| What is the important information about heart development? | The first functional organ to fully develop and starts to function around day 21 or day 22 |
| What are the 2 loops in the cardiovascular system? | (1) Pulmonary Loop (2) Systemic Loop |
| What does the pulmonary loop do? | Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lung and back |
| What does the systemic loop do? | Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body (except the lung) |
| What do arteries do? | They carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body |
| What do veins do? | They carry oxygen-deficient blood from the body back to the heart for oxygenation |
| What is blood pressure? | Measure of the pressure in your blood during contractions and rests |
| What does systolic pressure measure? | The force of the blood against the artery walls when the heart squeezes |
| What does diastolic blood pressure? | The force of the blood against the artery when the heart rests between beats |
| How many adults have hypertension (high BP)? | 1 in 3 |
| Why is blood red? | Oxygen in your blood is carried by red blood cells containing a protein called hemoglobin |
| What is hemoglobin? | A four subunit protein that carries oxygen and binds to iron |
| What is atherosclerosis? | Plaques in blood vessel walls are formed by cholesterol, LDLs, and immune cells |
| What is a heart attack? | When arteries in the heart (coronary arteries) become blocked by atherosclerosis (or a clot or some other form of blockage). The artery blockage causes heart muscle tissue to die from a lack of oxygen |
| What is a stroke? | Rupture of plaque leading to a clot or blockage in a vessel carrying oxygen to the brain |
| What is the purpose of the respiratory system? | To allow us to breathe and bring oxygen into our bodies, and send carbon dioxide out |
| What is the trachea? | A pipe reinforced with cartilage that branches in smaller bronchi |
| What are the lungs? | Paired organs that are protected by the ribcage. Their exchange surface are alveoli |
| What are alveoli? | Small grape-like clusters of sacs with very thin walls. Tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange |
| How does oxygen diffuse through the lungs? | Oxygen diffuses through the alveolar wall and the capillary wall and is taken up by hemoglobin in the blood |
| How many muscles do lungs have? | None |
| What is the diaphragm? | The sheet of muscle beneath the lungs that contracts between the ribs |
| How do the lungs expand? | The negative pressure from the diaphragm forces the lung to be bigger |
| What is bronchitis? | Inflammation of the bronchi caused by either bacterial or viral infection |
| What is pneumonia? | General term for either bacterial, viral or fungal infection of the lungs, causing the alveoli to fill with fluid |
| What is tuberculosis? | The growth of tubercles in the lungs. Only 10% experience symptoms and it can be fatal. Cure = Antibiotics |
| Why is smoking bad? | Smoking allows the collection of toxic particulates to accumulate in the lungs |
| What are the effects of smoking tobacco (4)? | (1) Increases risk of heart disease, stroke, lung cancer (2) Can make it harder to get pregnant (3) Reduces sperm count (4) Physical harms: tooth, decrease in bone health, cataracts |
| Is vaping considered a safe alternative? | No |
| What are the two parts of the nervous system? | (1) Central Nervous System (2) Peripheral Nervous System |
| What is a neuron? | The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Also known as nerve cells |
| What is the function of a neuron? | They send messages throughout the body with electrical and chemical impulses |
| What is the function of a dendrite? | Receive electro-chemical signals from a source |
| What is the function of an axon? | Transport electrical signal from dendrite to axon terminal |
| What is the function of an axon terminal? | Send electro-chemical signals to a source |
| What is the function of myelin sheath? | Provide insulation to the axon. Prevents the loss of signal |
| What is the function of a schwann cell? | To create the myelin sheath and provide nutrition to neuron |
| What is the cerebrum? | The largest part of the brain, its left side controls the right side of the body and vice versa |
| What is the function of the cerebrum (5)? | (1) Controls skeletal muscles (2) Learning (3) Emotion (4) Memory (5) Perception |
| What is the cerebellum? | The furthest and lowest part of the brain. It is usually considered the more instinctual part of the brain |
| What are the functions of the cerebellum (4)? | (1) Coordinates movement and balance (2) Motor skills/hand-eye coordination (3) Controls voluntary movements (4) Hearing and visual inputs |
| What is the diencephalon? | The middle of the brain that is above the brainstem. It is divided into three parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland |
| What does the thalamus do? | Sorts information |
| What does the hypothalamus do (3)? | (1) regulates body temperature (2) monitors biological clock (3) controls pituitary gland |
| What does the pituitary gland do (4)? | (1) hunger/thirst (2) sex and mating (3) fight or flight (4) controls release of other hormones |
| What does the pineal gland do? | Controls the sleep cycle |
| What is the brainstem? | The lowest part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord. It includes the midbrain and the medulla, while transmitting information to the rest of the brain and coordinates major body movements |
| What does the midbrain do? | It controls senses and sensory reflex |
| What does the medulla do? | Coordinates automatic movements |
| What is a concussion? | When your brain gets violently moved back and forth in your skull, impacting the bones of the skull |
| What are the risk factors of a concussion (6)? | (1) Falling (2) Car Accidents (3) Physical Abuse (4) Contact Sports (5) Military Service (6) Previous concussion |
| What are the symptoms of a concussion (4)? | (1) Headaches (2) Dizziness (3) Not thinking clearly (4) Brain bleed |
| What are the risk factors for dementia (5)? | (1) Age (2) Genetic history (3) Ethnicity: African descent 2x more likely (4) Traumatic brain injury (5) Poor cardiovascular health |
| What are the general symptoms/problems of dementia (4)? | (1) Memory (2) Communication (3) Attention (4) Reasoning, judgement, and problem solving |
| What are the three types of stroke? | (1) Ischemic Stroke (2) Hemorrhagic Stroke (3) Mini-Stroke |
| What is an ischemic stroke? | Something like a clot or some particle blocking blood vessel to the brain |
| What is a hemorrhagic stroke? | The blood vessel ruptures. The excessive accumulation applies pressure on brain tissue, damaging it |
| What is a mini-stroke? | When blood to the brain is interrupted for a short period of time, typically less than 5 minutes |
| What are the symptoms of a stroke (5)? | (1) Sudden paralysis of one side of the face (2) Sudden severe headache and vomiting (3) Trouble speaking (4) Vision issues (5) Trouble walking |
| What are the organs/structures associated with the digestive system (7)? | (1) Mouth (2) Esophagus (3) Stomach (4) Small Intestine (5) Large Intestine (6) Liver (7) Pancreas |
| What does the mouth do in the digestive process? | Mechanically breaks down food using teeth and tongue. Saliva makes mushy food (bolus) for an easier transition down the esophagus |
| What is the enzyme amylase? | An important enzyme found in the mouth that breaks down starch into a simple sugar called maltose |
| What is the purpose of saliva? | Lubricates the bolus (mushy food) so it can be swallowed easier |
| What is the pharynx? | The cavity that connects the mouth and neck to the esophagus |
| What is the epiglottis? | Flap-like structure between the mouth and esophagus that covers the opening of the "wind-pipe" (trachea) |
| What does the esophagus do in the digestive process? | It is a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach |
| How does food move down the esophagus? | Peristalsis, the automatic action that pinches food down the esophagus |
| What does the stomach do in the digestive process? | Chemically and mechanically digests carbohydrates and proteins via muscular contractions |
| Where does food enter the small intestine from the stomach? | Duodenum |
| What does the small intestine do in the digestive process? | It serves as the final digestion stage for carbs, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. It also absorbs nutrients for the body here as well |
| Where does the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine occur? | Illeum |
| What does the large intestine do in the digestive process (3)? | (1) Absorbs waters and ions (2) Concentrates the storage of waste (3) Expulsion of waste *the large intestine is considered a micro biome!* |
| What are the "assistants" to the digestive organs (3)? | (1) Liver (2) Gallbladder (3) Pancreas *food doesn't pass through here but they are necessary) |
| What does the gall bladder do in the digestive process? | Stores the bile created by the liver |
| What does bile do? | Breaks down bigger fat particles into smaller fat particles |
| What does the liver do in the digestive process (3)? | (1) secretes bile into the small intestine (2) breaks down toxins circulating in blood (3) stores glycogen and releases when needed |
| What does the pancreas do in the digestive process? | Secretes enzymes into the small intestine that help digest carbs, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids |
| How does the pancreas help regulate blood? | It controls blood sugar levels through the secretion of insulin into the blood |
| What does the appendix do? | It is essentially non-functional |
| What is diabetes? | The inability to make or utilize insulin Type 1: body never makes insulin, born with it Type 2: developed by obesity |
| What is acid reflux? | When acid in the stomach comes into the esophagus |
| What are helicobacter pylori? | Bacterial cause of stomach ulcers |
| What are gall stones? | Hard pellets of cholesterol and bile salt in the gall bladder |
| What is hepatitis? | Inflammation of the liver that is usually viral |
| What is cirrhosis? | Fibrous build-up in the liver caused by the replacement of dead liver cells, usually due to alcoholism |
| What is colon cancer? | A build up of genetic errors leading to problems of cell division in the colon. Discovered via colonoscopy |
Created by:
legitcow3
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