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Animal Physiology I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define CNS | includes all neurons that are enclosed in the cranium and spinal cord |
| Define PNS | includes all neurons that can enter and/or leave the CNS from the periphery of the body. • Includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves. • 12 pairs of cranial nerves.• 31 pairs of spinal nerves. |
| Define Sympathetic Automatic Nervous system | •Thorocolumbar division of the ANS. Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord at the thoracic and lumbar levels (T1-L2). Preganglionic fibers w/ short axons that innervate ganglia near the spinal cord. Postganglionic fibers W/ long axons |
| Where do you find Scwhann cells? | parasympathetic autonomic nervous system |
| Where do you find oligogendrocytes? | Central nervous system |
| How can action potentials be created? | Electrical stimulation, mechanical compression, chemical application |
| Define threshold potential | The threshold potential is when all sodium ion channels are open allowing for rapid diffusion of sodium into the cell. |
| Sodium and potassium diffuse in which direction across the plasma membrane | Sodium diffuses in and potassium diffuses out. |
| What is a nerve impulse? | A propogation of action potentials |
| The Craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system is what specific type of ANS? | parasympathetic nervous system |
| In the parasympathetic nervous system which is longer the preganglionic or postganglionic nerve fibers? | Preganglionic. The axons of the postganglionic fibers are very short. |
| Where does the propogation of action potentials begin? | Axon hillock |
| Define Refractory period | The refractory period is the period of time in which a new action potential cannot occur in an excitable cell as long as the membrane is still depolarized from a preceding action potential. |
| Why are action potentials only propogated in one direction? | Refractory period. |
| define salutatory conduction. | Action potentials can only occur in the nodes of Ranvier. An action potential skipping down an axon from node to node is called salutatory conduction. |
| Where are neurons with nodes of Ranvier found. | brain and spinal cord |
| Define synapse | a junction between two excitable cells. |
| True or false: Gap junctions allow for bilateral transfer of information betweent two cells. | True |
| Electrical gap bridges are made of what protein | Connexon |
| Where are electrical gap junctions found? | cardiac muscle tissue and visceral smooth muscle tissue. |
| Which is faster: Electrical gap junction or a chemical junction? | Electrical gap junction |
| Which chemical is involved in the depolarization of a postsynaptic muscle cell? | ACH |
| Define end plate potential | a local depolarization of the postsynaptic muscle cell |
| Which enzyme hydrolyzes ACH in the postsynaptic mnuscle cell? | acetylcholinesterace |
| define Voltage gated membrane channel | Membrane channels that open in response to a change in the membrane potential. Sodium and Potassium channels are examples. |
| define Chemically gated membrane channel | Membrane channels that open in response to chemical stimulation. ACH channel in the postsynaptic muscle cell. |
| Define Excitatory postsynaptic potential | The molecules of excitatory neurotransmitters attach to channel receptors on the postsynaptic neuron increasing the membrane permeability to sodium ions. |
| Define inhibitory postsynaptic potential | Molecules of inhibitory neurotransmitter attach to channel receptors on the postsynaptic neuron increasing the membrane permeability to potassium and/or chloride ions. |
| define Spatial synaptic integration | Summation of Excitatory postsynaptic potential produced by numerous neuron presynaptic terminals in contact with a postsynaptic neuron soma. |
| define Temporal synaptic integration | Summation of the excitatory postsynaptic potential created from a rapidly firing neuron presynaptic terminal. |
| define Afferent Nerve (sensory) | Nerve that transmits nerve impulses from the periphery of the body into the CNS. |
| define Efferent Nerve (motor) | Nerve that transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to the periphery of the body. |
| Define mixed nerve. | Nerves that allow bilateral transmission of bioelectrical information from the periphery of the body and the central nervous system. Most nerves are mixed nerves. |
| Where is the gray and white matter of the spinal cord? | gray is surrounded by white matter. The gray matter makes up the horns. |
| the dorsal root has afferent (sensory) or efferent (motor) neurons? | Afferent |
| Define dorsal root ganglion | collection of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system. |
| Does the ventral root of the spinal nerve contain afferent (sensory) or efferent (motor) neurons? | Efferent |
| Define Reflex arc | Neural pathway between the point of stimulation and the responding organ. |
| Define ganglion | Collection of neuron cell bodies / synapsis outside of the CNS. |
| What Nervous system are the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons found? | Autonomic nervous system |
| Where is the craniosacral division | Autonomic parasympathetic nervous system |
| cholinergic nerve fibers release what? | ACH |
| Adrenergic nerve fibers release what | NE |
| Where do you find adrenergic nerve fibers? | Smpathetic postganglionic |
| Name two neurotransmitters of the ANS | Cholinergic - ACHAdrenergic - NE and EP |
Created by:
tjc154
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