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BIO1022
Week 5 - 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three main requirements that organisms need to fulfill from food? | protein carbohydrates fats |
| What are two things that nutrition provides to fulfill these requirements? | energy and building blocks |
| common atomic elements that make up most animals? | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus |
| How might an animal mitigate an unbalanced diet? What behaviours and structural adaptations are present? | Suspension filter feeding is common in many aquatic animals Large aquatic animals apprehend prey by suction feeding and active swimming Specialised structures allow for capture and mechanical breakdown of food |
| How does the body sense when we are “full” and when we require more food? What are the main hormones involved? | Food fills the stomach, walls stretch – nerves around the stomach wall sense stretching and communicate with vagus nerve and hypothalamus – control food intake. Cholecystokinin Leptin Ghrelin |
| Mechanical digestion areas | begins in your mouth with chewing, then moves to churning in the stomach and segmentation in the small intestine |
| Chemical digestion area | stomach small intestine large intestine |
| Absorption area | large intestine absorbs water small intestines |
| Stomach | main site of protein and lipid breakdown. acidic environment. - gastrin - pepsin - gastric lipases |
| small intestines | final digestion of protein, carbohydrates, lipids occur. - dipeptidase - carboxypeptidase - aminopeptidase - lactose |
| Pancreas | most enzymes required in small intestines are produced here. - amylase - lipase trypsin chymotripsin carboxypeptidase. hydrogen bicarbonate ions to neutralise acidic contents in small intestines |
| Gall Bladder | bile stored in gall bladder until required. when fats enter the small intestines, gall bladder is signaled to contract and release bile into small intestines. |
| What are three different mechanisms by which aquatic animals are able to feed? | Suspension filter feeding suction feeding active swimming |
| Outline the major differences in teeth structure when comparing a classical herbivore to a classical carnivore | dull teeth v sharp teeth |
| How does the digestive tract of a carnivore differ from a herbivore? What structural adaptations do herbivores have? | Carnivores typically have only one stomach chamber and a simple digestive system. Herbivores can often have several stomach chambers and a much longer digestive tract. |
| three major types of nitrogenous waste excreted by organisms, noting the pros and cons of generating these types of waste | ammonia. urea. uric acid. |
| different forms of asexual reproduction? | binary fission. budding. fragmentation. parthenogenesis |
| benefits of each of sexual and asexual reproduction? | more variation likely to survive more produced in a small amount of time evolve faster |
| oviparous | laying eggs. Used by most insects, fishes, amphibians and reptiles, as well as by all birds. |
| viviparous | live birth, giving birth to live young, with nutritional support of the embryo from the mother. |
| ovoviviparous | egg live birth, giving birth to live young, with nutritional support of the embryo from the yolk. |
| what defines an r- Vs a K-strategist | large numbers of offspring without a lot of parental investment are called r-strategists. Evolve in unstable, changing and unpredictable environments vs few offspring but put in a lot of parental investment are called K-strategists. evolve in stable, |
| sex determination - sex chromosomes only | In flies: Females XX Males XY (but XO are also male) In nematodes: Hermaphrodites XX Males XO Sex is conferred by the ratio of sex chromosomes to autosomes (the Y chromosome does not have sex-determining genes) |
| sex determination - sex chromosomes and hormones | In mammals: Females XX Males XY Sex is conferred by the presence/absence of the Y chromosomes |
| sex determination - environmental sex determination | Estrogen-directed ovarian development |
| Outline how chemical pollutants can influence the balance of the sexes in certain animal populations | the chemicals in the water can alter fish's sex |
| amniote | have a fetal tissue known as the amnion. The amnion is a membrane derived from fetal tissue which surrounds and protects the fetus. |
| chorion | the outermost membrane around the embryo. It develops from an outer fold on the surface of the yolk sac |
| eutherian | mammals comprising the placental mammals. |
| gynandromorphs | individuals that contains both male and female characteristics |
| parthenogenesis | “Virgin birth” – females produce eggs that are not fertilised by males, but rather divide by mitosis and develop into new individuals. E.g. male bees don’t have fathers. |
| protandrous | having the male reproductive organs come to maturity before the female |
| protogynous | having the female reproductive organs come to maturity before the male |
| hermaphroditism | organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes |
| plant life cycle - spores | cells that disperse and give rise to new haploid individuals. |
| plant life cycle - gametes | multicellular plant produces it after dispersal |
| plant life cycle - zygotes | one egg and sperm fuse. then released and dispersed by water currents until they settle. undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid cells. |
| plant life cycle - sporophyte | structure that produces spores |
| plant life cycle - gametophyte | the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae. It develops sex organs that produce gametes |
| ovules | the organ that forms the seeds of flowering plants. |
| pollen | essential for sexual reproduction of flowering plants and plants that produce cones. contains male gametes necessary for fertilisation |
| seeds | an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve |
| three major tissues in a seed, and what are their major roles? | embryo, endosperm (sometimes perisperm), and seed-coat. Both endosperm and embryo are the products of double fertilization, whereas the seed-coat develops from the maternal, ovular tissues. |
| Outline how the presence and arrangement of flowers contributed to the success of angiosperms | animal distribution |
| List strategies flowering plants can use to reduce in-breeding or promote outcrossing | flowering at different times of the years |
| What are some of the challenges we are facing in using honey bees to pollinate agricultural crops? | Climate change changes the time that flowers bloom, and the time that bees come out hasn’t changed, so not enough pollination occurs. |
| biological definition of a fruit | a mature, ripened ovary, along with the contents of the ovary |
| What is the pericarp, and what are the layers that make it up? | – derived from the walls of the ovary Exocarp Mesocarp Endocarp |
| List ways that fruit may be dispersed | Waterproof and have fibrous husk: water dispersal method Parachute-like structures: wind dispersal method Thick, juicy fletch around my seed: animals dispersal method Pods split open and seeds are thrown out with force: explosive action |
| androecium | the stamens of a flower collectively |
| bryophytes | Do not have vascular tissue to transfer water, carbohydrates or nutrients around the plant. Therefore they are very small. it is made up of two genetically distinct generations. includes the mother gametophyte - egg |
| angiosperm | flowering plants |
| dioecious | having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals. |
| sporangium | a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed |
| monoecious | having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite |
| Define a meristem | growing points of the plants. found in tips of branches and roots. they form rings in stems and roots so they grow wider |
| List the five main plant hormones (phytohormones) | - auxin - cytokinins - gibberellic acid - ethylene - abscisic acid |
| Auxin | promotes cell growth and elongation of the plant produced in shoot apical meristem, young leaves, root apical meristem. |
| Gibberellic acid | stimulates both cell division and elongation. elongating regions of roots and shoots |
| Cytokinins | regulate shoot meristem size, leaf primordia number, and leaf and shoot growth. produced in shoot and root meristems |
| Ethylene | plant growth regulator. produced in developing fruit, and in the elongating regions of roots and shoots. |
| Abscisic acid | regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. increases plant dormancy -- when to prepare their soft tissue for freezing temps, etc. produced in root cap, in developing seeds and leaves. |
| liver | aids in digestion by producing bile: bile salts and bile acids, and bicarbonate ions. helps digest fats by breaking up large fat globules into smaller lipid droplets. emulsification- smaller droplets can then be digestion more effectively by lipases and r |
| salivary glands | secrete an enzyme called amylase which starts the chemical breakdown of complex carbohydrates. tongue secretions = lipase. break down lipids. |
| gastrin | in stomach. peptide hormone, stimulates the cells lining the stomach to increase secretion of HCl. |
| pepsin | in stomach. primary digestive enzyme. breaks down proteins into polypeptides. funcs at low pH |
| gastric lipases | breakdown lipids |
| trypsin chymotripsin carboxypeptidase. | breakdown polypeptides into amino acids |
| large intestines | absorb water and inorganic ions from food and storing semi solid waste for disposal. |
| lactase | breakdown lactose |
| ammonia | invertebrates and aquatic animals. oes not take a lot of energy to produce but toxic if stored. Animals must be able to excrete it directly into surrounding water, therefore it is limited to aquatic animals |
| urea | mammals, many adult amphibians, and some marine species. Urea can be produced in the liver and then transferred to the kidneys, filtered out, and stored as urine. While it requires an energy investment to produce, and must be released in water, urea is f |
| uric acid | insects, land snails, birds and many reptiles. It is not water soluble, and so can be stored and excreted as a solid paste. While very energetically demanding to produce, it is less toxic than even urea, and does not require water to store and expel. |
Created by:
redshre
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