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bio234 respiratory
bio234
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 fuctions of the respitory system? | 1)Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood 2)Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs 3)3.Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment 4)Produces sounds 5)Participates in olfactory sense |
| where is the upper respitory system located? | above the larynx |
| where is the lower respitory system located? | below the larynx |
| what does the conducting potion of the respitory system consist of ? | from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles |
| what does the Respiratory portion of the Respiratory system consist of? | the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
| areolar layer- | supports epithelium contains mucous glands |
| what does the Respiratory Mucosa consist of? | an epithelial layer an areolar layer |
| where is the Respiratory Mucosa located? | Lines conducting portion of respiratory system |
| For gases to exchange efficiently what must the alveoli walls be? | must be very thin and surface area must be very great |
| Aveolar Epithelium- | Delicate Simple squamous cells |
| what are the components of the Filtration mechanisms to remove particles and pathogens? | Mucous glands and cells Cilia Filtration – hairs Aveolar macrophages |
| what produces mucus? | Mucous glands |
| what does the cilia do In nasal cavity? | sweep mucus and trapped debris to pharynx, swallowed |
| what does the cilia do In the | beat towards pharynx move carpet of mucus |
| what does the nose consist of? | External nares Nasal vestibule Nasal hairs |
| what divides the nasal cavity ? | Nasal septum |
| where is the olfactory region located? | nasal cavity |
| what is the fuction of the nasal meatus? | constricted passageways, produces, air turbulence, & warm and humidify incoming air |
| what does open mouth breathing do? | eliminates filtration,heating, & humidifying |
| epistaxis- | nose bleed |
| what are the 3 pairs of hyaline cartilage? | arytenoid (ladle shaped), corniculate (horn shaped), cuneiform (wedge shaped) |
| how does sound production work? | Air passing through glottis, vibrates vocal folds, produces sound waves |
| what is the fuction of Vestibular folds ? | protect vocal folds |
| how does sound varies? | tension on vocal folds, voluntary muscles |
| phonation- | sound production at the larynx |
| articulation- | modification of sound by other structures |
| what is Right and left primary bronchi separated by? | an internal ridge (the carina) |
| Right bronchus- | larger in diameter than left, steeper angle |
| where does Each primary bronchi travels to? | hilus (groove), access for pulmonary vessels, nerves, lymphatics |
| right lung- | Has 3 lobes, superior, middle, and inferior, separated by horizontal and oblique fissures |
| what displaces the right lung? | displaced upward by liver also wider the wider lung |
| what displaces the left lung? | displaced leftward by the heart forming the cardiac notch also is the longer lung |
| Intrapulmonary bronchi- | inside lung |
| Extrapulmonary bronchi- | outside lung |
| what is the bronical tree formed by? | by primary bronchi and their branches |
| what does the tertiary bronchi do? | supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment |
| secondary bronch- | (lobar) |
| tertiary bronchi- | (segmental) |
| what does Walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi contain? | contain progressively less cartilage, more smooth muscle |
| what does Walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronch do? | increasing muscular effects on airway constriction and resistance |
| bronchitis ? | a respiratory infection, the bronchi and bronchioles can become inflamed and constricted, increasing resistance |
| what does each tertiary bronchus branch into? | multiple bronchioles |
| what does Bronchioles branch into? | terminal bronchioles |
| Bronchioles structure- | have no cartilage, are dominated by smooth muscle |
| bronchodilation- | sympathetic |
| bronchoconstriction- | parasympathetic, histamine |
| what does the Autonomic Control do? | Regulates smooth muscle controls diameter of bronchioles controls airflow and resistance in lungs |
| Asthma- | Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction, Stimulation severely restricts airflow |
| what is the Smallest compartments of the lung? | Pulmonary Lobules |
| what is Pulmonary Lobules divided by? | the interlobular septa |
| where does Terminal bronchiole delivers air to? | 1 lobule & Each lobule is supplied by branches of pulmonary arteries and veins |
| what is respiratory bronchioles are connected to? | alveoli along alveolar ducts |
| where does Alveolar ducts end? | at alveolar sacs |
| Alveolus - | network of capillaries , surrounded by elastic fibers |
| what is Alveolar Epithelium patrolled by? | alveolar macrophages (dust cells) |
| pneumocytes type I (type I alveolar cells)- | are unusually thin and are the sites of gas diffusion. |
| septal cells (pneumocytes type II)- | produce surfactant |
| what does alveolar cell layer consists of? | septal cells (pneumocytes type II), pneumocytes type I (type I alveolar cells |
| what is Surfactant ? | Oily secretion, Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension |
| Respiratory distress- | not enough surfactant, alveoli collapse |
| what are Respiratory Membrane? | Thin membrane were gas exchange takes place |
| types of Respiratory Membrane? | Fused basal laminae, Endothelial cells, & Squamous epithelial |
| where is Squamous epithelial? | lining of alveolus |
| where is Endothelial cells? | lining an adjacent capillary |
| where is Fused basal laminae? | between alveolar and endothelial cells |
| why is Diffusion rapid? | proceeds very rapidly because the distance is short and both oxygen and carbon dioxide are small, lipid-soluble molecules. |
| Pneumonia- | Inflammation of lobules, Fluids leak into alveoli, Bronchioles swell and constrict |
| where are the 2 circuits of Blood Supply to Lungs? | Respiratory portion, Conducting portion |
| pulmonary embolism- | Pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles, |
| what circuit in the Blood Supply to Lungs is low? | pulmonary (30 mmhg) |
| what does Each pleural cavity have? | lined with a serous membrane (pleura), Parietal pleura , Visceral pleura , Pleura fluid |
| what are the 2 integrated processes of respitation ? | external respiration (exchanging CO2 and O2 with environment) internal respiration (cellular level) |
| what is the Processes of External Respiration? | Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) Gas diffusion (across membranes and capillaries) Transport of O2 and CO2 (capillaries of alveoli and tissues) |
| Boyle’s Law- | if you decrease the volume of a gas, the pressure will RISE, if you increase the volume of a gas, the pressure will fall |
| what is Parietal and Visceral Pleura sperated by? | thin film of pleural fluid |
| Pressure Difference- | Air flows from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure |
| what does the Respiratory Cycle consist of? | inspiration (inhalation) expiration (exhalation) tidal volume - amount of air you move into your lungs in cycle. |
| what is compliance of the lungs ? | a measure of their expandability |
| what are the Indicators of expandability ofthe lung? | Low compliance requires greater force HIGH compliance requires less force |
| how is Pressure reported? | millimeters of mercury mmHg pounds per square inch psi |
| what is Normal atmospheric pressure? | 1 atm at sea level: 760 mmHg |
| Intrapulmonary pressure- | Pressure inside the respiratory tract at the alveoli -1 mmHg inspiration/+1 mmHg expiration |
| Intrapleural pressure- | pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae -4 mmHg inspiration remains below atm pressure expiration |
| respiratory pump: | A mechanism by which changes in the intrapleural pressures during the respiratory cycle assist the venous return to the heart |
| Atelectasis- | collapsed lung, result of pneumothorax |
| Pneumothorax- | air into pleural cavity |
| what does Accessory muscles do during inhalation? | increase speed and amount of rib movement |
| what muscles are used in Inhalation? | Diaphragm(75% of air movement), External intercostal (25%), Accessory muscles |
| what are the Muscles of Active Exhalation? | Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles, Abdominal muscles |
| what does Abdominal muscles do during active exhalation? | compress the abdomen, force diaphragm upward |
| what does Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles do during active exhalation? | depress the ribs |
| eupnea- | Quiet breathing active inhalation, passive expiration, elastic rebound, Diaphragmatic breathing (deep), Costal breathing (shallow) |
| hyperpnea- | forced breathing, active inspiration and expiration, assisted by accessory muscles |
| normal adult Respiratory rate? | 12-18 breaths |
| normal childrens Respiratory rate? | 18-20 breathe ( more rapid than adults) |
| Tidal volume- | volume of air moved per breath |
| Respiratory Minute Volume- | Measures pulmonary ventilation volume of air moved= breaths per min X tidal volume |
| Alveolar Ventilation - | Amount of air reaching alveoli each minute, More important than respiratory minute volume respiratory rate x [tidal volume - anatomic dead space ] |
| what is a Pulmonary Function Tests? | Measure rates and volumes of air movements using a spirometer |
| Partial pressures- | the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases, All partial pressures together add up to 760 mm Hg |
| what is Diffusion of molecules between gas and liquid? | occurs in response to concentration gradients, rate depends upon GAS LAW’S |
| Dalton’s Law- | Each gas contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its number of molecules |
| what happens when When gas under pressure comes in contact with liquid? | gas dissolves in liquid until equilibrium is reached |
| henrys law- | At a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. |
| O2 solubility? | is less soluble |
| N2 solubility? | has very low solubility |
| CO2 solubility? | is very soluble |
| Gas Content- | The actual amount of a gas in solution depends on the solubility of that gas in that particular liquid |
| when does Substantial differs? | in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane |
| Gas exchange at the blood air barrier is efficient for the following reasons: | Substantial differences in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane Distances involved in gas exchange are short Gases are lipid soluble Total surface area is large Blood flow and airflow are coordinated |
| Blood arriving in pulmonary arteries has what? | low partial pressure of oxygen, and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
| what does The concentration gradient causes? | O2 to enter blood, CO2 to leave blood |
| what does Rapid exchange allows? | blood and alveolar air to reach equilibrium |
| why does Oxygenated blood mixes with unoxygenated blood ? | from conducting passageways |
| what is Normal interstitial fluid have? | a PO2 of 40 mm Hg and PCO2 45 mm Hg |
| what is the Concentration gradient in peripheral capillaries? | opposite of lungs CO2 diffuses into blood/O2 diffuses out of blood |
| what does O2 binds to? | iron ions in hemoglobin (Hb) molecules |
| how many Hb molecules does each RBC have? | 280 million each binds 4 oxygen molecules |
| Hemoglobin Saturation- | The percentage of heme units in a hemoglobin molecule that contain bound oxygen |
| what Environmental factors affecting Hb? | PO2 of blood, Blood pH, Temperature, Metabolic activity within RBCs |
| what does higher PO2 results in? | greater Hb saturation |
| Oxyhemoglobin Saturation Curve- | Is a graph relating the saturation of hemoglobin to partial pressure of oxygen, is curve not a straight line |
| what does each O2 bound do? | makes next O2 binding easier, & allows Hb to bind O2 when O2 levels are low |
| what does O2 diffuses into? | interstitial fluid (low PO2) |
| what does O2 diffuses from? | peripheral capillaries (high PO2) |
| how much Oxygen may rbc Reserves? | 3/4 |
| what does CO from burning fuels do? | binds strongly to hemoglobin, takes the place of O2,can result in carbon monoxide poisoning |
| what happens When pH drops or temperature rises? | more oxygen is released, curve shift to right |
| what happens when When pH rises or temperature drops? | less oxygen is released, curve shifts to left |
| Bohr Effect- | The increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of increased carbon dioxide levels. |
| what are the Effects of pH on hemoglobin saturation curve? | CO2 diffuses into RBC, an enzyme (carbonic anhydrase), catalyzes reaction with H2O, produces carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
| what are the Effects of pH on hemoglobin saturation curve caused by? | CO2 |
| what are the effects of the bohr effect? | Saturation DECLINES, Molecules release their oxygen more readily, Hydrogen ions diffuse out of RBC, lowering pH, Carbonic acid |
| Carbonic acid - | dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3—) |
| what does RBCs generate ? | ATP by glycolysis forming lactic acid and BPG |
| more BPG= | more oxygen released |
| when does BPG levels rise? | when pH increases |
| what happens If BPG levels are too low? | hemoglobin will not release oxygen |
| what does fetal Hb binds | more O2 than adult Hb allowing fetus to take O2 from maternal blood |
| Carbon Dioxide- | Generated as a byproduct of aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration) |
| Carbon Dioxide may be what ? | converted to carbonic acid, bound to protein portion of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin), dissolved in plasma |
| Bicarbonate Ions- | move into plasma by an exchange mechanism (the chloride shift) that takes in Cl— ions without using ATP |
| Gas diffusion at peripheral and alveolar capillaries maintain balance by what? | changes in blood flow and oxygen delivery, changes in depth and rate of respiration |
| where is the voluntary Respiratory Centers of the Brain? | In cerebral cortex affect respiratory centers of pons and medulla oblongata, motor neurons that control respiratory muscles |
| what isthe The respiratory center is composed of? | the dorsal respiratory group in the nucleus tractus solitarius, the ventral respiratory group in the medulla, and the pontine respiratory group in the pons |
| what does the Medulla oblongata rhythmicity centers do? | set the pace of respiration |
| what does the Medulla oblongata rhythmicity centers divide into? | dorsal respiratory group (DRG) ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
| what does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) do? | Inspiratory center, Functions in quiet and forced breathing |
| what doeas the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do? | Inspiratory and expiratory center, Functions ONLY in forced breathing |
| Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers of the Pons | regulating respiratory rate and depth of respiration |
| Apneustic center= | + stimulation |
| Pneumotaxic center = | - inhibit |
| what are the 5 Sensory Modifiers of Respiratory Center Activities? | Chemoreceptors, Baroreceptors in aortic or carotid sinuses, Stretch receptors, Irritating physical or chemical stimuli, Other sensations- pain, body temperature |
| what are Chemoreceptors are sensitive to? | PCO2, PO2, or pH, of blood or cerebrospinal fluid |
| what are Respiratory centers are strongly influenced by chemoreceptor input from? | cranial nerve 9, 10 |
| what does Hypercapnia do? | increase in arterial PCO2 ,stimulates chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata |
| Hypoventilation- | abnormally low respiration rate, allows CO2 build-up in blood |
| Hyperventilation- | excessive ventilation, results in abnormally low PCO2 ,stimulates chemoreceptors to decrease respiratory rate |
| Baroreceptor Reflexes- | Carotid and aortic baroreceptor stimulation |
| When blood pressure falls= | respiration increase |
| When blood pressure rises= | respiration decrease |
| what 2 baroreceptor reflexes involved in forced breathing? | inflation reflex, deflation reflex |
| inflation reflex- | prevents overexpansion of lungs |
| deflation reflex- | stimulates inspiratory centers during lung deflation, inhibits expiratory centers |
| what triggers Protective Reflexes? | by receptors in epithelium of respiratory tract when lungs are exposed to toxic vapors, chemicals irritants, mechanical stimulation |
| what can stimulate respiratory centers in hypothalamus? | strong emotions |
| what can activate sympathetic or parasympathetic ,causing bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction ? | emotional destress |
| what can increase respiratory rate and cardiac output? | Anticipation of strenuous exercise |
Created by:
armcneal
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