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STAAR Key Vocabulary
Know the difference between common terms on the STAAR test.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Producer/Autotroph | Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis |
| Consumer/Heterotroph | Organisms that rely on others for energy. Have to eat other things. |
| Prokaryote | a type of cell that does NOT have a nucleus and NO membrane-bound organelles, ex. bacteria |
| Eukaryote | a type of cell that DOES have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles ex. plants, animals, protist, fungi |
| Mutualism | a type of symbiotic relationship in which BOTH species benefit ex. bees and flowers |
| Commensalism | a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is NEITHER HELPED NOR HARMED (unaffected) ex. remora and shark |
| Parasitism | a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is HARMED ex. flea on dog |
| DNA | the genetic code is found in the NITROGEN BASES and has nucleotides A-T, G-C; found in all living cells and viruses |
| RNA | single strand involved in the process of protein synthesis and includes nucleotides A-U and G-C |
| Homozygous | Two alleles that are the SAME; HH or hh |
| Heterozygous | Two alleles that are DIFFERENT; Hh |
| Natural Selection | Organisms have traits that are best ADAPTED to the environment so they can SURVIVE and REPRODUCE |
| Carbohydrates | a type of biomolecule that is the Main source of ENERGY; quick energy(sugars -ose), glucose to make ATP; structural (cellulose) cell wall & chitin |
| Lipids | a type of biomolecule that does LONG term ENERGY storage; fats, insulation, warmth, cell membrane |
| Proteins | a type of biomolecule that helps build muscle, fight disease, speed up reactions (enzymes), made of amino acids that determine traits |
| Nucleic Acids | a type of biomolecule that contains genetic information to make the protein to determine traits; DNA and RNA are examples, made of nucleotides |
| Mitosis | a type of cell division that creates TWO IDENTICAL diploid cells, SOMATIC (body) cells, PMAT |
| Meiosis | a type of cell division that creates FOUR DIFFERENT haploid cells, GAMETES (sex cells); CROSSING-OVER occurs, PMAT 1 & PMAT 2 |
| Crossing-over | occurs during meiosis during Prophase 1 to lead to GENETIC VARIATION |
| S phase | part of interphase when DNA REPLICATES before the cell divides |
| cell | smallest unit of life; have DNA; can reproduce on their own |
| virus | a non-living particle that needs a HOST cell to reproduce but contains DNA ex. influenza, HIV |
| photosynthesis | reactants are CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, and LIGHT ENERGY to produce GLUCOSE and OXYGEN; occurs in leaves, chloroplasts |
| cellular respiration | reactants are GLUCOSE and OXYGEN to produce CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, AND ATP!!!; mitochondria |
| xylem | a vascular tissue found in plants that transports water and minerals UP from the roots to the leaves. |
| phloem | a vascular tissue found in plants that transports food (glucose) down from the leaves to the roots |
| transcripton | a process that occurs in the nucleus to convert DNA to mRNA; first step in protein synthesis |
| translation | a process that occurs on a ribosome to convert mRNA to a PROTEIN (chain of AMINO ACIDS) |
| endocrine | a body system that has glands that secrete HORMONES |
| circulatory | a body system that TRANSPORTS materials throughout the body; blood |
| respiratory | a body system that is involved in BREATHING to exchange gases; lungs |
| immune | a body system that is involved in the DEFENSE against PATHOGENS to keep you healthy; fights disease; WHITE BLOOD CELLS |
| integumentary | a body system that provides protection and regulates body temperature; SKIN |
| Cell cycle | purpose is for growth and repair of cells; includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis |
| active transport | requires energy, moves substances from low to high against the concentration gradient - endocytosis, exocytosis, protein pump |
| passive transport | does not require energy, move substances from high to low down the concentration gradient - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
| capsid | protein coat surrounding a virus |
| host cell | what a virus infects in order to reproduce |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell growth; failure of a cell to go through checkpoints |
| gradualism | species evolve slowly over time |
| punctuated equilibrium (abrupt) | sudden appearance of a new species over time |
| stabilizing selection | when intermediate phenotypes are more fit than extreme ones |
| directional selection | when one extreme phenotype is more fit than all the others |
| disruptive selection | when both extreme phenotypes are more fit than intermediate ones |
| enzyme | a protein that lowers the activation and increase the rate of the reaction, it is very specific in terms of pH, temperature, and shape. it is reusable |
| roots | absorb water and minerals and anchor the plant |
| mutation | a change in DNA; point or frameshift |
| incomplete dominance | neither allele is fully dominant, so alleles blend in the heterozygote (MIX) (red-rr + white-ww = pink-rw) |
| codominance | both alleles are dominant and expressed in the heterozygote form. (red-RR + white- WW = red and white speckled -RW BOTH) |
| dominant trait | version of the trait that is expressed; represented by a capital letter Tt or TT |
| recessive trait | version of the trait that is not expressed unless two recessive alleles are present (tt) or will be hidden if a dominant allele is present in the heterozygote form (carrier) |
| stasis | long-term stability of a species; showing little or no net change over millions of years |
| independent assortment | chromosome pairs separate independently or "randomly" into daughter cells to increase genetic variation |
| genetic drift | chance or random events cause a change in the allele frequency of a small population and reduces its genetic variation |
| gene flow | movement of alleles into or out of a population (immigration, emigration) changes allele frequency |
| biodiversity | the variety of organisms living in an ecosystem; the more biodiversity the more stable the ecosystem |
| adaptation | a trait that helps an organism survive in its environment |
Created by:
JMHSBIO
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