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BIOL 1101 Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What three molecules compose a DNA nucleotide? | phosphate, sugar, bases |
| Which two parts of the nucleotide connect to form the backbone of the DNA molecule? | sugar and phosphate |
| What type of chemical bond will hold the nucleotides together? | covalent |
| Are these bonds relatively strong or relatively weak? | strong |
| Why might it be advantageous for the backbone of each DNA strand to be held together by this type of bond? ( covalent) | to stay intact for replication |
| Which component of each nucleotide forms the rungs that link the two DNA strands together? | the base |
| Explain why it is important that hydrogen bonds are weak and covalent bonds are strong. | Covalent bonds keep the strand intact for structure and replication. Hydrogen bonds are weaker, allowing for DNA to split. |
| Chromosomes shorten and become distinct units. Sister chromatids are visible. | Prophase |
| Cytoplasm divides. | Cytokinesis |
| DNA replication occurs. | S phase |
| Final preparation for division is happening. | G2 |
| Identical sets of chromosomes reach each pole. | telophase |
| In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches in to separate the cell into two daughter cells. | Cytokinesis |
| In plant cells, a new cell wall forms to divide the cell into two daughter cells. | Cytokinesis |
| Microtubule fibers begin to form at opposite ends of the cell. | prophase |
| Microtubule spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids | metaphase |
| Nuclear membrane begins to disassemble | prophase |
| Nuclear membrane begins to reassemble around each set of chromosomes | telophase |
| Replicated chromosomes align at the equator of the cell | metaphase |
| Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell | anaphase |
| Spindle fibers disassemble | telophase |
| Spindle fibers shorten, pulling the sister chromatids apart | anaphase |
| The cell enlarges and produces more cytoplasm and new organelles | G1 |
| Chromosomes are loosely gathered- not as visible as distinct units | Interphase |
| Number of chromosomes per cell at the start of mitosis | 46 |
| Number of chromosomes per cell at the end of mitosis | 46 |
| Number of cells formed from one parent cell | 2 |
| Diploid number for this organism | 23 |
| Three reasons why cells divide | Body growth, body tissue renews itself, replaces damaged cells |
| 4 stages, produces 2 diploid daughter cells, chromosome number remains the same | Mitosis |
| 8 stages, produces 4 daughter cells, chromosome number is cut in half in each daughter cell | Meiosis |
| Interphase | Cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA Preparation for cell division G1, S, G2 phases |
| G1 phase | cell grows, makes extra cytoplasm, copies organelles |
| S phase | the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus duplicates centrosomes centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase |
| G2 phase | cell grows more makes proteins and organelles reorganizes its contents in preparation for mitosis G2 phase ends when mitosis begins |
| Mitosis | Cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make new cells |
| Cytokinesis | The cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new cells Cytokinesis usually begins just as mitosis ends |
| Prophase | chromosomes begin to coil up Mitotic spindle begins to form Nucleolus disappears |
| Metaphase | chromosomes align in the middle of the cell |
| Anaphase | fibers called microtubules shorten, separating sister chromatids, moves towards the opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | daughter cell nuclei are formed cell is almost done dividing starts to establish its normal structures |
| 3 types of conventional cancer treatments | surgery, chemo, radiation therapy |
| Surgery | can remove cancerous tissue most effective for solid tumors that are detected early ineffective for widespread cancers |
| chemotherapy | uses toxic chemicals to kill rapidly dividing cells can affect cancer cells that are spread throughout the body side affects are severe |
| Radiation Therapy | uses high energy ionizing radiation to kill targeted cells kills cells by damaging the DNA in cells side effects are severe |
| Benign tumor | non cancerous tumor |
| malignant tumor | cancerous tumor with cells that spread throughout the body |
| metastasis | the spread of cancer cells |
| number of daughter cells after mitosis | two, exact copies of the original cell |
| Apoptosis | the death of cells that occurs in multicellular organisms removes cells during development |
| Cancer | disease of unregulated cell division |
| centromere | the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach during cell division |
| sister chromatids | identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. |
| Proto-oncogene | normally promote cell division and differentiation when mutated, they become oncogenes, genes that cause cancer |
| Tumor suppressor gene | normally pause cell division, repair DNA, or initiate cell death can be mutated to become inactivated |
| Cystic Fibrosis | genetic disease caused by a single gene mutation recessive |
| diploid organisms | two copies of every chromosome |
| homologous chromosomes | pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes |
| genotype | the particular genetic or allele makeup of an individual |
| phenotype | observable or measurable features of an individual |
| Meiosis I | separates homologous chromosomes instead of sister chromatids each daughter cell is haploid each chromosome still has two sister chromatids |
| Meiosis II | separates sister chromatids four haploid daughter cells develop into egg or sperm |
| recombination | when maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments |
| Independent assortment | alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another |
| Heterozygote | two different alleles (Aa) phenotype is normal individual is a carrier |
| Homozygote | two identical alleles (AA) |
| How many chromosomes in humans? | 46 |
| How many alleles would we carry for a single trait? | two alleles |
| How does the organization of chromosomes , genes, and their alleles contribute to human traits? | genes are physically passed down from parents to offspring |
| Number of daughter cells after meiosis | four |
| Punnett Square | a diagram to determine the probabilities of offspring having particular genotypes |
| what determines biological sex? | sex hormones produced by gonads ovaries for females, tested for males |
| Humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes | 23 |
| Hemophilia | blood clotting disorder |
| x-linked trait | a phenotype that is determined by the allele on an x chromosome |
| Pedigree | visual representation of the occurence of phenotypes across generations |
| Incomplete dominance | a form of inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and recessive |
| Codominance | an inheritence pattern that explains compatibility of blood types |
| polygenic | a single trait determined by the interaction between alleles of more than one gene |
| nondisjunction | when chromosomes separate unequally |
| SRY gene | necessary for male sex determination in mammals |
| Anueploidy | the condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set |
| Karyotype | an individual's complete set of chromosomes |
| Multifactorial inheritance | when more than one factor causes a trait or health problem |
| Polygenic inheritance | implies a character or phentypic trait, which is regulated by more than one gene |
| MRSA | infectious bacteria, spreads by skin to skin contact |
| Binary Fission | one parental cell divides into two daughter cells causes changes in DNA |
| Natural Selection | differential survival and reproduction in response to the environment |
| Directional Selection | predominant phenotype shifts in a particular direction |
| Stablilizing selection | phenotype of population settles near middle of range |
| Diversifying selection | phenotype of population is at both extremes of range |
| When should we use antibiotics? | when treating certain infections caused by bacteria |
| How do bacteria reproduce? | Binary Fission |
Created by:
mykala222
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