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243 CH 27
243 EXAM 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pericardium | double layer serous membrane isolates heart from other thoracic structures |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| pericarditis manifestations | chest pain, pericardial friction rub, ECG changes, dyspnea, fever, malaise |
| pericardial effusion | accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, leads to cardiac tamponade |
| cardiac tamponade | medical emergency, slow or rapid compression of heart due to accumulation of fluid, pus or blood in pericardial sac |
| cardiac tamponade manifestations | pulsus paradoxus, hypotension, muffled heart sounds, jugular venous distention |
| pulsus paradoxus | drop in SBP by at least 10 mmHg during inspiration |
| jugular venous distension | fluid causing pressure |
| rheumatic fever | acute inflammatory, follows strep throat, involves immune attack on self tissues |
| acute stage rheumatic fever | mesenchymal connective tissue of the heart, blood vessels, joints and subcutaneous tissue |
| acute rheumatic fever manifestations | carditis, rash, joint pain, chorea, fever, subcutaneous nodules |
| infective endocarditis | invasion and colonization of endocardial structures |
| predisposing factors of infective endocarditis | valvular disease, prosthetic heart valves, pacemaker, congenital heart defects, portal of entry to circulatory system, bacteria in bloodstream |
| acute infective endocarditis | fever, chills, malaise, petechiae, splinter hemorrhage |
| subacute infective endocarditis | low grade fever, fatigue, weight loss, flu symptom's, positive blood cultures |
| kawasaki disease | acute febrile disease of young children, acquired heart disease, vasculitis is small vessels, progresses to involve large arteries |
| acute kawasaki | fever, conjunctivitis, rash, oral mucosa, redness and swelling hands and feet, enlarged cervical nodes |
| subacute kawasaki | defervescence and desquamation |
| convalescent kawasaki | complete resolution of symptoms until all signs of inflammation disappear (after 8 weeks) |
| post kawasaki complication | 15 - 25% develop, myocardial infarction, sudden death, chronic coronary insufficiency |
| valvular disorders | stenosis and regurgitation - congenital, rheumatic, degenerative calcification, infective |
| stenosis | impeding forward flow, valve restricted creates pressure gradient, increases volume and work of chamber emptying through |
| aortic stenosis | obstruction of flow from left ventricle to aorta during systole |
| left ventricular hypertrophy | increased workload, pressure greater, reduced CO |
| aortic stenosis manifestations | angina, syncope, heart failure, systolic crescendo - decrescendo murmur |
| heart failure | occurs when valve orifice in 1/3 normal size |
| aortic stenosis causes | bacterial endocarditis, trauma, aortic dissection, rheumatic heart disease, congenital bicuspid aortic valve, syphilis |
| mitral stenosis | large left atrial to left ventricular pressure gradient during ventricular diastole, left atrial hypertension and pulmonary congestion, right sided heart failure |
| mitral stenosis manifestations | dyspnea, palpitations, fatigue, diastolic murmur, CVA, emboli from stagnant blood in atrium |
| regurgitation | incomplete closure of valve leaflets, backward flow of blood |
| aortic regurgitation | retrograde flow from ascending aorta to left ventricle, volume overload, pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure develop |
| aortic regurgitation manifestations | diastolic murmur, cardiovascular collapse, weakness, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hypotension |
| mitral regurgitation | due to myocardial infarction, chronic rheumatic heart disease, isolated rupture of chordae tendinae, mitral valve prolapse, ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction, infective endocarditis |
| mitral regurgitation manifestations | some degree of left ventricular failure, weakness, fatigue, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pan-systolic murmur, abnormal flow during systole |
| mitral prolapse | structure abnormality of mitral valves and papillary muscles or chordae that allow leaflets to backflow into left atrium during systole causing enlargement |
| mitral prolapse causes | redundant mitral valve leaflets, elongated chordae tendinae, enlarged mitral annulus, abnormal left ventricular contraction |
| mitral prolapse manifestations | decreased CO, dizziness, arrhythmias, tachycardia, palpitations, chest pain |
| cyanotic heart defects | blue due to deoxygenated blood going to left side of heart then to blood stream |
| tetralogy of fallot | birth defect ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy |
| tet spells | sudden decrease in blood flow to the lungs, hands feet and mouth |
| tetralogy of fallot manifestations | polycythemia from chronic hypoxemia, increase risk for thrombus |
| transposition of the great vessels | life threatening position of the two major vessels that carry blood away from the heart (aorta and pulmonary artery) is switched |
| acyanotic | oxygenated blood enters right side of heart, second pass through the lungs, not cyanotic |
| atrial septal defect | septal opening between atriums, more common in males, causes left to right shunt |
| ventricular septal defect | opening between ventricles, left to right shunt, associated with other cardiac defects |
| eisenmenger's syndrome (reverse) | begins left to right shunt, increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, increase right ventricle pressure, reverse shunt right to left - cyanosis |
| ductus arteriosus | communication/ passage between aorta and pulmonary artery, blood from right heart bypass lungs into systemic circulation, more pressure in aorta, left to right shunt |
| fetal circulation | oxygenation occurs through placenta, pulmonary circulation is bypassed |
| formamen ovale | incomplete fusion of septal wall, allows right to left shunt |
| coronary arteries | surround heart |
| left main coronary artery | supplies to anterior and left lateral portions of the left ventricle |
| right main coronary artery | supplies majority of right ventricle and posterior LV that supplies the node |
| coronary blood flow | openings for the coronary arteries to originate in the root of the aorta near the aortic valve |
| aortic blood flow | main factor responsible for perfusion of coronary arteries |
Created by:
ahommel
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