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Microbiology
This will cover vocabulary from chapter 18
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Expressed | Turned on or activated, as a gene or protein |
| Gene Regulation | The various ways in which cells control gene expression |
| Chromatin | A complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that gives chromosomes their structure; chromatin fibers are either 30 nm in diameter or, in a relaxed state, 10 nm |
| Chromatin Remodeling | The process in which the nucleosomes are repositioned to expose different stretches of DNA to the nuclear environment |
| Histones Tails | A string of amino acids that protrudes from a histone protein in the nucleosome |
| Histone Code | The pattern of modifications of the histone tails that affects the chromatin structure and gene transcription |
| CpG Islands | A cluster of CpG sites on a DNA strand where cytosine (C) is adjacent to guanosine (G); the “p” represents the phosphate in the backbone |
| Epigenetic | Describes effects on gene expression due to differences in DNA packaging, such as modifications in histones or chromatin structure. (Changes in histones and alterations in chromatin structure) |
| Imprinting | Silencing of gene expression by chemical modification of DNA or chromatin that differs according to the parent of origin |
| Dosage Compensation | The differential regulation of X-chromosomal genes in females and in males |
| X-activation | The process in mammals in which dosage compensation occurs through the inactivation of one X chromosome in each cell in females |
| X-Chromosome inactivation center (XIC) | contains a gene called Xist (X-inactivation specific transcript) |
| X-inactivation specific transcript (Xist) | is a non-coding RNA on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X-inactivation process |
| Transcription Regulation | The mechanisms that collectively regulate whether transcription occurs |
| General Transcription Factors | A set of proteins that bind to the promoter of a gene whose combined action is necessary for transcription |
| RNA polymerase complex | An aggregate of proteins that synthesizes the RNA transcript complementary to the template strand of DNA |
| Regulatory transcription factors | A protein that recruits the components of the transcription complex to the gene |
| Enhancer | A specific DNA sequence necessary for transcription. |
| SIlencers | DNA sequences that bind with regulatory transcription factors and repress transcription |
| Combinatorial Control | Regulation of gene transcription by means of multiple transcription factors acting together |
| Primary transcript | The initial RNA transcript that comes off the template DNA strand |
| RNA processing | Chemical modification that converts the primary transcript into finished mRNA, enabling the RNA molecule to be transported to the cytoplasm and recognized by the translational machinery |
| Exons | A sequence that is left intact in mRNA after RNA splicing |
| Introns | A sequence that is excised from the primary transcript and degraded during RNA splicing |
| RNA splicing | The process of intron removal from the primary transcript The exons are joined together in their original linear order to form the processed mRNA |
| Alternative Splicing | A process in which primary transcripts from the same gene can be spliced in different ways to yield different mRNAs and therefore different protein products |
| RNA editing | The process in which some RNA molecules become a substrate for enzymes that modify particular bases in the RNA, thereby changing its sequence and sometimes what it codes for |
| small regulatory RNAs | A short RNA molecule that can block transcription, cleave or destabilize RNAA, or inhibit mRNA translation |
| siRNA (small interfering RNA) | A type of small double-stranded regulatory RNA that becomes part of a complex able to cleave and destroy single-stranded RNA with a complementary sequence |
| miRNA (microRNA) | Small, regulatory RNA molecules that can cleave or destabilize RNA or inhibit its translation |
| RISC (RNA induced silencing complex) | A protein complex that is targeted to specific mRNA molecules by base pairing with short regions on the target mRNA, inhibiting translation or degrading the RNA |
| Posttranslation modification | The modification, after translation, of proteins in ways that regulate their structure and function |
Created by:
jazz10
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